Do microbe-mineral interactions influence nitrogen cycle dynamics?

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The majority of organic N in soil is often held in the mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) fraction of soil, which has slow turnover rates and is thought to be largely inaccessible to microbes and plants (Cotrufo et al. 2013). Partially decomposed plant material constitutes the particulate organic matter (POM) fraction in soil, which typically holds a smaller proportion of total organic N. Thus, MAOM can be viewed as a bottleneck to N-availability within the rhizosphere, with N mineralization rates depending on the structure of organic matter and its interaction with soil minerals and microbial communities. The underlying goal of this project is to investigate how ecosystem-microbe-mineral interactions drive nitrogen oxide fluxes from soils. While fluxes of nitrous oxide have been well quantified from ecosystems, fluxes of reactive nitrogen oxides are poorly studied owing to their highly reactive nature. Our incomplete understanding of the factors that control these fluxes has limited our ability to predict the air quality and climate impacts of soil N emissions. We aim to uncover the factors that determine nitrogen oxide fluxes in natural ecosystems (primarily woodlands and grasslands), using an approach that combines field experiments with state-of-the-art analytical capabilities and metagenomic analyses. Both N2O and NOy fluxes will be quantified to better determine edaphic factors responsible for both, and their potential interactions. Our hypothesis is that nitrogen oxide emissions are controlled by three factors: i) the activities of soil microbes that will vary depending on the ecosystem, the proportion of POM and MAOM, and the underlying soil mineralogy. To test our hypothesis, we will: (1) Determine the relationship between soil mineralogy and soil organic matter composition on soil outgassing of nitrogen oxides in field experiments; (2) determine how SOM-mineral interactions affect N availability and mineralization rates in different soil fractions and in varying ecosystems; (3) determine which soil fractions are targeted by N-mining microbes and which taxa produce the enzymes needed to mobilize N in those fractions.