Alteration to existing mortuary spaces and additional burials during the Old Kingdom through early Middle Kingdom (c.2686-c.1991 BCE)

该项目考察了在古埃及到早期中王国（c.2686-c.1991）期间，将额外的埋葬纳入现有的太平间空间的做法以了解埃及人如何利用物理的太平间空间来创造一种“地方”感。使用一个原创的跨学科框架，我将探讨如何以及为什么额外的埋葬被整合到现有的太平间空间中，以纠正和重新构建关于现代学术话语中这些变化的主流殖民叙事。改造广义上是指对原始的、物理的埋葬空间所做的改变。例如，为适应新的墓葬而进行的改变，如装饰/文字的改变和墓葬轴的增加，都是改变的例子。自Seidlmayer（1990）关于额外埋葬的章节以来，很少有研究探讨了所提出时期的额外埋葬，并且没有人使用太平间空间的改变作为人们参与太平间空间的证据。直到最近，对古埃及其他墓葬的研究才引起格拉杰茨基（2007年）、米尼亚奇（2018年；2019年）和梅特兰（2017年）等学者的关注。例如，Miniaci（2018）建立了一个理论模型，利用建筑和使用时间跨度来解释中王国晚期的额外埋葬。尽管大多数关于额外埋葬的研究通常将它们归类为“侵入性”或“次要”，但对埃及人参与这些空间的仔细分析表明，额外埋葬被认为是个体殡葬仪式延续的组成部分。通过定性案例研究方法，我的项目将涂鸦和铭文研究（Plesch, 2017）和场所制作（Tuan, 1979）中的非本土技术与“场所”和“世代”等埃及概念的本土框架（Frood, 2010）相结合。该方法用于检查社会经济指标，包括亲属关系、性别、社会地位和财富（Olabarria, 2020），以及回报和再利用（Quinn, 2015）。我的项目回答了以下关键的研究问题：1。为了容纳更多的葬礼，太平间的空间被怎样改变？这些变化与典型的、标准化的墓葬铭文、装饰和布局有何不同？是否有一些模式是为了增加额外的埋葬而改变了太平间的空间？现存的太平间空间变化的证据如何反映了人们与自然环境的融合而不是篡夺？为什么在讨论额外的墓葬时，篡夺或侵入的想法仍然如此突出？为了回答这些问题，我将仔细研究考古和档案记录，以了解新墓葬的太平间空间的变化以及挖掘者如何处理这些变化。我将整理我的笔记，创建一个额外埋葬的例子目录，以定性分析我选择的案例研究。与Olabarria（2020）、Maitland（2018）、Nyord（2018; 2020）和Matic（2018）一样，该项目将早期殖民时期对额外墓葬的解释重新置于背景中，为理解这些墓葬提供了新的途径，并打破了埃及学中仍然存在的传统、嵌入式叙事。纠正殖民主义解释批判性地重新定义了学术上的额外埋葬，以表明这些埋葬并不像通常描述的那样本质上是坏的。

This project examines the practice of incorporating additional burials into existing mortuary spaces during the Egyptian Old through Early Middle Kingdoms (c.2686-c.1991 BCE) to understand how the Egyptians engaged with physical mortuary spaces to create a sense of 'place.' Using an original, interdisciplinary framework, I will explore how and why additional burials were integrated into existing mortuary spaces, to redress and reframe prevailing colonial narratives regarding these alterations in modern academic discourse.Alteration broadly refers to changes that are done to the original, physical burial space. For example, changes made to accommodate new burials, such as decorative/textual changes and the addition of burial shafts, are an example of alteration. Since Seidlmayer's (1990) chapter on additional burials, few studies have explored additional burial for the proposed period, and none use alterations to mortuary space as evidence of peoples' engagement with mortuary spaces.Studies into additional burials in ancient Egypt only recently gained attention by scholars, like Grajetzki (2007), Miniaci (2018; 2019) and Maitland (2017). For example, Miniaci (2018) established a theoretical model using architecture and timespan of use to explain late Middle Kingdom additional burials. Though most studies of additional burial generally categorise them as 'intrusive' or 'secondary,' a close analysisof Egyptian engagement with these spaces shows that additional burials were considered integral to the continuation of individual mortuary cults.Through a qualitative case-study methodology, my project integrates non-indigenous techniques from graffiti and epigraphic studies (Plesch, 2017) and place-making (Tuan, 1979) with an indigenous framework of Egyptian concepts like 'place' and 'generation' (Frood, 2010). This methodology is used to examine socio-economic indicators including kinship, gender, social status, and wealth (Olabarria, 2020), as well as return and reuse (Quinn, 2015). My project answers the following key research questions are:1. In what ways were mortuary spaces altered to accommodate additional burials?2. How do these alterations differ from typical, standardised tomb inscriptions, decoration, and layout?3. Are there patterns in the ways that mortuary spaces were altered to add additional burials?4. How does the evidence for alteration in existing mortuary space reflect peoples' integration with their physical environment rather than usurpation?5. Why is the idea of usurpation or intrusiveness still so prominent when discussing the presence of additional burials in mortuary spaces?To answer these questions, I will closely examine archaeological and archival records to understand changes to mortuary spaces for new burials and how these have been treated by excavators. I will organise my notes to create a catalogue of examples of additional burials to qualitatively analyse my chosen case-studies.Like Olabarria (2020), Maitland (2018), Nyord (2018; 2020), and Matic (2018), this project recontextualises earlier colonial interpretations of additional burials to provide new ways to understand these burials and break away from traditional, embedded narratives still held in Egyptology. Redressing colonial interpretations critically reframes additional burials in scholarship to show that these burials are not inherently bad as often described.