Carceral Communities: Serious Offenders, Secondary Stigmatisation, and Collateral Harms of Imprisonment

长期以来，对病耻感的连贯理论理解一直弥漫在学术想象中，因为不同的病耻感概念既有语境化的，也有问题化的规范框架。作为犯罪学评估的对象，污名化的后果意味着罪犯及其家庭被边缘化的独特模式——在这种模式下，刑罚权力被用来维持压迫的等级制度。欧文·戈夫曼（Erving Goffman）的著作《污名化：关于被宠坏的身份管理的注释》（1963）介绍了污名化的形成定义，至今仍被社会科学家广泛采用。然而，正如Hinshaw正确地指出的那样，“自Goffman概念化以来的几十年里，关于耻辱的研究和理论出现了爆炸式的增长”（Hinshaw 2009: 25）。然而，事实证明，犯罪学对破坏污名的既定含义犹豫不决——留下了一些问题，如污名是什么，以及如何将其作为犯罪国家的延伸而武器化。此外，最近对大规模监禁对囚犯家属的“附带影响”的学科关注（Hagan和Dinovitzer 1999: 121），已经使污名化在构建一个被认为对其亲属的犯罪负有责任和同谋的公民阶层中的作用变得明显。将Cooper和Whyte（2017: 3）对耻辱作为“一种官僚化的暴力形式”的分析应用于当代家庭，本研究倡导一种“包容性”的惩罚社会学，使囚犯家庭成为犯罪世界建构的动态参与者。此外，本文从理论上重新考虑了耻辱作为国家行为体通过刑事法律机制征服边缘化社区的政治工具。采用福柯和ranci<e:1>的主体性概念作为“自我创造和被创造的双面”（Krause和Schramm 2011: 128），并使用美国作为一个说明性的案例研究，我认为囚犯家庭的经历可以映射到围绕耻辱，监禁公民和权力的更广泛的争论中，提供了第一个完整的考虑家庭作为一个积极的政治主体。

A coherent theoretical understanding of stigma has long pervaded the academic imagination, as divergent stigma-concepts have both contextualised and problematised normative frameworks. As an object of criminological evaluation, the consequences of stigmatisation connote a distinctive pattern of marginalisation for offenders and their families--in which penal power is exercised to maintain hierarchies of oppression. Erving Goffman's book Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (1963) introduced the formative definition of stigma still widely adopted by social scientists. Yet, as Hinshaw rightly suggests, '[t]here has been an explosive growth of research and theorising about stigma in the decades since Goffman's conceptualisation' (Hinshaw 2009: 25). Criminology, however, has proven hesitant to disrupt settled meanings of stigma--leaving questions as to what stigma is and how it might be weaponised as an extension of the carceral state. Further to this, a recent disciplinary preoccupation with the 'collateral effects' of mass imprisonment on the families of prisoners (Hagan and Dinovitzer 1999: 121) has rendered visible the role of stigma in constructing a class of citizens deemed responsible for and complicit in their relative's offence. Applying Cooper and Whyte's (2017: 3) analysis of stigma as 'a bureaucratised form of violence' to the contemporary family, this study advocates for an 'inclusive' sociology of punishment that legitimates the prisoner's family as a dynamic participant in criminogenic worldmaking. Furthermore, this thesis introduces a theoretical reconsideration of stigma as a political tool operated by state actors to subjugate marginalised communities by way of criminal legal mechanisms. Adopting Foucault and Rancière's notion of subjectivity as the 'double face of self-making and being made' (Krause and Schramm 2011: 128) --and using the United States as an illustrative case study--I contend that the experiences of prisoners' families can be mapped onto broader arguments around stigma, carceral citizenship, and power, providing the first full-length consideration of the family as an active political subject.