Impact of social media on risk communication before, during, and after the La Palma eruption (Canary Islands)

在过去十年中，个人通信技术的使用出现了前所未有的增长，包括社交媒体平台的使用（Cheng et al., 2022）。导致公众对自然灾害的兴趣普遍增加，但对罕见和有影响力的火山爆发特别感兴趣，特别是在社交媒体和媒体分享平台上。与传统媒体不同，社交媒体是一种双向沟通工具，使关键信息能够迅速转移和传播（Graham, 2024），实现多源地理空间近实时讨论，同时也使材料能够直接从非官方来源（例如公众和媒体来源）共享和收集。透过可上网的流动装置，市民可以播放火山爆发及相关火山影响的影像及/或影片，透过个人故事及评论，表达对火山爆发的态度及认识（包括不正确的资讯）。Twitter等组织的发展促进了独立记者的多代网络，他们可以近乎实时地评论和记录他们的想法，为火山爆发/事件之前、期间和之后对危害和风险的理解如何发展和演变提供了有价值的见解。迄今为止，对此类近实时信息如何形成并纳入风险管理和规划，不同组织如何在事件期间最有效地使用它以及错误信息的潜在威胁/挑战的分析（例如Sennert等人，2017年）有限。拉帕尔马岛位于加那利群岛的西北部，是群岛中最活跃的岛屿，历史上经历了八次火山喷发。最近的2021年拉帕尔马火山喷发（Gonzalez, 2022）是该岛有记录以来最大的火山喷发事件，突出了基于个人和组织传播的丰富信息的媒体共享平台提供的机会（Wadsworth等人，2022）。这次火山喷发也让我们有机会反思，在经历了大约50年的火山活动沉寂期后，公众对火山灾害的意识下降，公众对火山灾害的认知和自我恢复能力都很差，在此期间，灾害风险沟通和管理是如何处理的。很明显，社交媒体可以为成功的风险沟通带来一系列机会，但它也带来了挑战；社交媒体上的交流是由官方和非官方来源的碎片化和不相关的新闻报道的快速和持续流动驱动的，导致错误信息和虚假信息的威胁更高；然而，在火山爆发之前、期间和之后进行有效的沟通可以减少潜在的影响。火山爆发固有的不频繁性提供了一个难得的机会，可以通过采用新兴技术和平台来反思和改进我们的风险沟通和减少方法。本项目是定性与定量研究的完美结合，开启了不同尺度的灾害风险认知交流。程艳，王艳，孔艳，2022。全球学者视角下的社会中介危机传播研究现状：更新评估。现年48岁的PublicRelationsReview 102172年,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102172;González P.J.（2022）康伯雷-别哈火山构造控制，科学，375,348-1349,https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn5148；Graham O. Thomas T., Hicks A., Edwards S., Juman A., Ramroop A., Robertson R.（2024）事实、信仰与Facebook: 2020 -21年的科学传播，圣文森特火山喷发，地质学会，伦敦，特别出版物，第539卷，https://doi.org/10.1144/SP539-2022-289；Sennert， S.S.K, Klemetti, e.w., Bird， D

There has been an unprecedented growth in the use of personal communication technologies in the last decade, including the use of social media platforms (Cheng et al., 2022). Leading to increased public interest in natural hazards generally, but with specific interests in rare and impactful volcanic eruptions, in particular on social media and media sharing platforms. Unlike traditional media, social media is a bi-directional communication tool that enables critical information to be rapidly transferred and disseminated (Graham, 2024), enabling multi-source geospatial near real-time discussions, but also for materials to be shared and collected direct from unofficial sources (e.g. general public and media sources). Use of internet- enabled mobile appliances has empowered the general public to broadcast images and/or videos of eruptions and associated volcanic impacts, enabling people to express attitudes and knowledge (including incorrect information) and experiences of eruptions through their own personal stories and commentaries. The growth of organisations such as Twitter, has facilitated a multigenerational network of independent reporters, who can comment and record their thoughts in near real-time, offering valuable insights into how understanding of hazard and risk can develop and evolve before, during and after an eruption/event. There has to date, been limited analysis (e.g. Sennert et al., 2017) of how such near real-time information can shape and be incorporated into risk management and planning, how it can be most effectively used by different organisations during events, and the potential threats/challenges from misinformation . La Palma, is situated to the northwest of the Canary Islands, being the most active island among the archipelago, having experienced eight historical eruptions. The recent 2021 eruption on La Palma (Gonzalez, 2022), the largest eruptive event in recorded history on the island, highlighted the opportunities offered by media sharing platforms based on the wealth of information disseminated by individuals and organisations (Wadsworth et al, 2022). The eruption also permits a pertinent reflection on how disaster risk communication and management was handled during the event, following a ~50-year period of quiescence in volcanic activity, which resulted in a reduction in public awareness, poor public perception and self-resilience to volcanic hazards. It is clear that social media can bring a range of opportunities for successful risk communication, but it also presents challenges; communication on social media is driven by a fast and continuous flow of fragmented and unconnected news reports by both official and unofficial sources leading to higher threats from misinformation and disinformation; however, effective communication before, during, and after an eruption can reduce the potential impacts. The inherent infrequent nature of volcanic eruptions offers a rare opportunity to reflect and improve our approaches to risk communication and reduction by incorporating new and emerging technologies and platforms. This project is a perfect combination of qualitative and quantitative research and opens up communication about hazard risk perception at different scales.ReferencesCheng, Y., Wang, Y. and Kong, Y. 2022. The state of social-mediated crisis communication research through the lens of global scholars:anupdatedassessment.PublicRelationsReview,48,102172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102172; González P.J. (2022) Volcano-tectonic control of Cumbre Vieja, Science, 375, 348-1349, https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn5148; Graham O. Thomas T., Hicks A., Edwards S., Juman A., Ramroop A., Robertson R. (2024) Facts, faith and Facebook: science communication during the 2020 -21 La Soufrière, St Vincent volcanic eruption, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, Vol 539, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP539-2022-289; Sennert, S.S.K., Klemetti, E.W., Bird, D