Using environmental DNA (eDNA) to elucidate the role of habitat upon the transmission of pollinator disease

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Insect pollinators are an integral component of global ecosystems, and vital to future food security. UK and Worldwide pollinator populations are declining. Declines are widely attributed to agricultural intensification, the establishment of invasive species, disease and climate change. However, the direction, strength and causes of insect declines are highly variable, and evidence is needed to quantify the mechanisms driving these processes. One key topic is the role of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and potential disease spill over from managed to wild populations. The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the dominant managed pollinator species worldwide, and is additionally used for the production of honey, bees wax and royal jelly. Since honeybees forage over large distances, they integrate information on habitat resources over vast spatial scales, and interact with c. 250 native wild bee species. Beekeeping as a hobby in the UK is rapidly growing with over 29,000 beekeepers managing around 126,000 colonies. Consequently, beekeepers represent a valuable national network for the study of this species, a resource currently being utilised by the UKCEH National Honey Monitoring Scheme (NHMS), https://honey-monitoring.ac.uk/. This citizen science scheme applies molecular techniques to determine the floral composition of honey, thereby measuring pollinator resources at landscape scales. Combing archived data with the sampling of wild pollinators this studentship will develop new techniques to investigate honeybee interactions with their landscape, wild pollinator competition, and exposure to inter-species disease transmission.The study of environmental DNA (eDNA) utilises molecular technologies to investigate the genetic material contained within a given environment. When specific taxonomically relevant genes are studied it's possible to discern the plant species from which a sample is composed - a technique known as plant metabarcoding. In addition to taxonomic information eDNA also contains genetic material from bees and any pathogens to which they may have been exposed. Pilot work at UKCEH was able to successfully detect DNA in honey derived from known bee pathogens: Nosema apis, Melissococcus plutonius and Paenibacillus larvae. The developed assays require that honey is screened for each pathogen separately, and therefore is costly and time consuming. However, the sequencing of eDNA holds the potential to simultaneously screen for multiple pathogens and further, allows for the discovery of additional pathogens which would otherwise be undetected. Through a combination of cutting-edge field and laboratory techniques this project will explore the use of emerging sequencing technologies to investigate key questions: How do emerging and existing technologies compare as a record of pollinator foraging activity? Can common bee pathogens be detected in eDNA? Are honeybees a good sentinel species to explore managed and wild pollinator interactions? Do any common plant signatures occur between pollinators, and are these linked to potential disease transmission sites? This studentship will be able to draw upon the experience of the UKCEH, Reading and BBKA teams and has access to a large network of highly experienced citizen scientist beekeepers. This unique placement ensures that the student is able draw on additional existing metadata and samples which would otherwise be impossible for a student to generate over the duration of a single PhD. This PhD investigates its aims through a combination of laboratory work and in-depth field experiments set up in partnership with experts from the BBKA. The overall aim is to understand how honeybees interact with other pollinators and their environment, thereby identifying potential routes of disease transmission, and how this influences trends in pollinator decline.