'Can you stop a PDC?' Assessing the impact of natural and engineered barriers on deadly volcanic flows in the built environment.

火山碎屑密度流（PDC）是一种危险的火山流，有可能超越地形高点，对附近社区构成威胁。相反，其他的pdc被观察到被更小的地形障碍偏转。数百万人生活在受到PDCs威胁的地区，因此更好地了解这些危险的火山流是至关重要的。我的中心研究问题是地形对致密颗粒型pdc流动特性的影响是什么？在这种情况下，地形可以指自然地形或人造结构，如建筑物或工程障碍。水槽实验将用于模拟加气和流化的流动，类似于天然的pdc，以量化不同地形（如屏障）对密集颗粒pdc的流动特性（如流前速度，间隔长度）的影响。在水槽的河床上将设置不同的地形，实验水流将流过这些地形。在这个项目中，我将与我的导师Rebecca Williams博士、Natasha Dowey博士、Pete Rowley博士和Rob Thomas博士合作。设想的产出将包括我的论文。另外，我的目标是在项目期间发表三篇论文（每年一篇）。很少有“传统的伦理问题”，因为我不是和人或动物一起工作。然而，与我的项目有关的伦理问题仍然存在。我的项目直接从一名前硕士学生进行的初步工作中进行，以测试实验设置，因此我对使用他的数据有伦理考虑。我已经从他和他的主管那里获得了必要的许可。在研究造成死亡的火山灾害时，有更广泛的伦理考虑。我必须牢记这一事实，并在进行研究时保持一种坚忍和尊重的态度。在更广泛的地球科学领域，包括火山学领域，存在着持续不断的多样性危机。这包括来自被研究火山所在国家的妇女、少数民族和科学家/作家的代表性不足。在我的项目中，我将注意到这一点，并在可能和适当的情况下，包括来自代表性不足的群体的贡献者

Pyroclastic density currents (PDC) are dangerous volcanic flows with the potential to surmount topographic highs and pose a risk to nearby communities. Conversely, other PDCs have been observed as being deflected by much smaller topographic barriers. Millions of people live in areas at risk from PDCs, so it is essential to better understand these dangerous volcanic flows. My central research question is what are the effects of topography on the flow characteristics of dense granular PDCs? In this context, topography can refer to natural topography or man-made structures such as buildings or engineered barriers.Flume experiments will be used to simulate aerated and fluidised flows, analogous to natural PDCs, to quantify the effect of different topographies (e.g. barriers) on the flow characteristics (e.g. flow-front velocity, runout length) of dense granular PDCs. Different topographies will be set up on the bed of the flume over which the experimental currents will flow.In this project I will be collaborating with my supervisors: Dr Rebecca Williams, Dr Natasha Dowey, Dr Pete Rowley, and Dr Rob Thomas. Envisaged outputs will include my thesis. Plus I aim to publish three papers (one each year) during the project.There are few 'traditional ethical concerns' as I am not working with people or animals. However, there are still ethical concerns related to my project. My project directly carries on from preliminary work carried out by a former Masters student to test the experimental setup so I have ethical considerations regarding the use of his data. I have gained the necessary permissions from him and his supervisors. There are ethical considerations more broadly in studying a volcanic hazard which has caused fatalities. I must be mindful of this fact and maintain a stoic and respectful attitude when conducting my research. There is an ongoing diversity crisis in earth sciences more generally, including within volcanology. This includes the under-representation of women, ethnic minorities, and scientists/authors from countries in which the studied volcanoes are located. During my project I will be mindful of this and where possible and appropriate, include contributors from under-represented groups