Family Risk for ADHD and Infant Neuropsychology

描述(由申请人提供)：最近引入了理论框架，用于整合当前的神经科学和发育途径理论，通过这些途径，家庭风险转化为ADHD表型。有人提出，对于一些患有ADHD的儿童来说，执行功能(EF)能力的早期缺陷导致了这种障碍。延迟奖赏信号的早期中断被认为是ADHD的第二种发育神经内表型，其中高接近气质可能导致ADHD。评估这些建议的神经内表型需要在婴儿期进行评估，那时候选突起第一次出现。我们还将调查EF与婴儿期气质的关系，测试高接近气质将与扰乱反应抑制任务表现的冲动性反应风格相关。我们建议调查EF能力的出现与ADHD家庭风险的差异。婴儿将被招募到两组：有ADHD家族史的婴儿(n=50)和没有ADHD家族史的婴儿(n=50)。这些10个月大的婴儿将接受最先进的反应抑制、工作记忆和气质测试。我们将检验家庭危险组婴儿的EF得分将低于非家庭危险组婴儿的预测，而接近气质将高于非家庭危险组婴儿的预测。这项拟议的研究旨在对ADHD的发育分类做出独特的贡献，因为我们将调查指定高危神经亚型的能力，并评估它们在婴儿期的相互作用。目前，ADHD的病因学理论充其量是受到阻碍，更糟糕的是，由于缺乏关于婴儿期关键神经心理功能的数据，导致理论偏离了轨道。及早识别风险特征将有助于我们了解这一领域的行为和神经发育是如何出错的，并为有针对性的干预提供建议。这是一个机会，利用婴儿神经心理学的最新进展，以更好地了解最常见的儿童精神障碍的精神病理学。及早识别风险特征将有助于我们了解这一领域的行为和神经发育是如何出错的，并提出有针对性的干预途径。这是一个机会，利用婴儿神经心理学的最新进展，以更好地了解最常见的儿童精神障碍的精神病理学。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Recently theoretical frameworks have been introduced for integrating current theories of the neuroscientific and developmental pathways by which family risk translates into ADHD phenotypes. It has been proposed that for some children with ADHD, early deficits in executive functioning (EF) abilities have precipitated the disorder. Early disruptions in delay reward signaling have been proposed as a second developmental neuroendophenotype of ADHD, wherein high approach temperament may lead to ADHD. Evaluating these proposed neuroendophenotypes requires assessment in infancy, when candidate processes first emerge. We will also investigate the relationship of EF and temperament during infancy, testing the high approach temperament will be associated with an impulsive response style that disrupts performance on response inhibition tasks. We propose to investigate differences in emergence of EF ability associated with family risk for ADHD. Infants will be recruited into two groups: Those with (n=50) and those without (n=50) a family history of ADHD. These 10-month-old infants will be assessed with state-of-the-art tasks of response inhibition, working memory, and temperament. We will test the prediction that infants in the family-risk group will have lower EF scores and higher approach temperament than infants in the non-family risk group. The proposed study is positioned to make a unique contribution to developmental taxonomies of ADHD because we will investigate abilities that specify at-risk neurological sub-straits and evaluate their interaction in infancy. Currently, theories of the etiology of ADHD are at best hampered, and, at worse, driven off course by the lack of data about key neuropsychological functions in infancy. Identifying at-risk profiles earlier will inform our understanding of how behavioral and neurological development in this domain go awry and suggest avenues for targeted interventions. This is an opportunity to utilize recent advances in infant neuropsychological to better understand the psychopathology of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders. Identifying at-risk profiles earlier will inform our understanding of how behavioral and neurological development in this domain go awry and suggest avenues for targeted intervention. This is an opportunity to utilize recent advances in infant neuropsychological to better understand the psychopathology of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders.