Depression and Smoking: The Role of Gender and Cognitive Control.

描述（由申请人提供）：吸烟者持有强烈的信念，认为吸烟会加剧消极情绪，如抑郁症，吸烟率在易患抑郁症的人群中升高。然而，抑郁情绪和吸烟之间的因果关系尚未得到证实。有人认为，吸烟行为和消极情绪之间的关系可以通过认知因素来解释（例如，Baker，Piper，McCarthy，Majeskie，& Fiore，2004）;然而，迄今为止，对这些因素的研究还很少。与男性相比，女性有更高的抑郁率（Kessler，2003），更有可能报告吸烟以减少负面情绪（Livson & Leino，1988），并保持更强的负面情绪减少吸烟预期（布兰登&贝克，1991）。因此，有人提出抑郁情绪可能对女性吸烟行为的影响大于男性（Borrelli，Bock，King，平托，& Marcus，1996）。然而，支持这一假设的证据有限。这项研究将评估抑郁情绪、认知控制和性别对吸烟行为的独立和综合影响。参与者（70名男性和70名女性）将被随机分配接受抑郁情绪诱导或中性情绪诱导通过标准化的视频剪辑。将评估认知控制和情绪相关变量，并通过实验室控制观察测量参与者的吸烟行为。吸烟是美国发病率和死亡率的主要可预防原因（CDC，1999）。每年约有3500万美国人试图戒烟，但大多数人在一年的随访中复发（NIDA，1998）。因此，更好地了解促进和维持吸烟的因素对于制定更有效的预防和干预战略至关重要。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Smokers hold powerful beliefs that smoking alleviates negative moods such as depression, and smoking rates are elevated among individuals prone to depression. Nevertheless, a causal relationship between depressed mood and smoking has not been demonstrated. It has been suggested that the relationship between smoking behavior and negative mood may be explained via cognitive factors (e.g., Baker, Piper, McCarthy, Majeskie, & Fiore, 2004); however, to date the research on these factors has been scarce. Women have higher rates of depression (Kessler, 2003), are more likely to report smoking to reduce negative mood (Livson & Leino, 1988) and maintain stronger negative mood reduction smoking expectancies compared to men (Brandon & Baker, 1991). Therefore, it has been proposed that depressed mood may have a greater influence on women's smoking behavior than that of men (Borrelli, Bock, King, Pinto, & Marcus, 1996). There is limited evidence, however, to support this hypothesis. The proposed study will evaluate the independent and combined effects of depressed mood, cognitive control, and gender on smoking behavior. Participants (70 males and 70 females) will be randomly assigned to receive either a depressed mood induction or a neutral mood induction via standardized video clips. Cognitive control and mood related variables will be assessed and participants' smoking behavior will be measured via controlled observation in the laboratory. Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in America (CDC, 1999). Approximately 35 million Americans attempt to quit smoking each year, however the majority relapse by one-year follow-up (NIDA, 1998). Therefore, a greater understanding of the factors that promote and maintain smoking is crucial for the development of more effective prevention and intervention strategies.