Depression and Smoking: The Role of Gender and Cognitive Control.

描述（由申请人提供）：吸烟者坚信吸烟可以减轻消极情绪，如抑郁，并且在容易抑郁的人群中吸烟率升高。然而，抑郁情绪和吸烟之间的因果关系尚未得到证实。有人认为，吸烟行为与消极情绪之间的关系可以通过认知因素来解释（例如，Baker, Piper, McCarthy, majkie, & Fiore, 2004）；然而，到目前为止，对这些因素的研究还很少。与男性相比，女性患抑郁症的比例更高（Kessler, 2003），更有可能报告吸烟是为了减少负面情绪（Livson & Leino, 1988），并保持更强的负面情绪减少吸烟预期（Brandon & Baker, 1991）。因此，有人提出抑郁情绪对女性吸烟行为的影响可能比男性更大（Borrelli, Bock, King, Pinto, & Marcus, 1996）。然而，支持这一假设的证据有限。这项拟议的研究将评估抑郁情绪、认知控制和性别对吸烟行为的独立和联合影响。参与者（70名男性和70名女性）将被随机分配，通过标准化的视频剪辑接受抑郁情绪诱导或中性情绪诱导。认知控制和情绪相关变量将被评估，参与者的吸烟行为将通过实验室的控制观察来测量。吸烟是美国发病率和死亡率的主要可预防原因（CDC, 1999）。每年大约有3500万美国人试图戒烟，然而大多数人在一年的随访后又复发了（NIDA, 1998）。因此，更好地了解促进和维持吸烟的因素对于制定更有效的预防和干预策略至关重要。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Smokers hold powerful beliefs that smoking alleviates negative moods such as depression, and smoking rates are elevated among individuals prone to depression. Nevertheless, a causal relationship between depressed mood and smoking has not been demonstrated. It has been suggested that the relationship between smoking behavior and negative mood may be explained via cognitive factors (e.g., Baker, Piper, McCarthy, Majeskie, & Fiore, 2004); however, to date the research on these factors has been scarce. Women have higher rates of depression (Kessler, 2003), are more likely to report smoking to reduce negative mood (Livson & Leino, 1988) and maintain stronger negative mood reduction smoking expectancies compared to men (Brandon & Baker, 1991). Therefore, it has been proposed that depressed mood may have a greater influence on women's smoking behavior than that of men (Borrelli, Bock, King, Pinto, & Marcus, 1996). There is limited evidence, however, to support this hypothesis. The proposed study will evaluate the independent and combined effects of depressed mood, cognitive control, and gender on smoking behavior. Participants (70 males and 70 females) will be randomly assigned to receive either a depressed mood induction or a neutral mood induction via standardized video clips. Cognitive control and mood related variables will be assessed and participants' smoking behavior will be measured via controlled observation in the laboratory. Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in America (CDC, 1999). Approximately 35 million Americans attempt to quit smoking each year, however the majority relapse by one-year follow-up (NIDA, 1998). Therefore, a greater understanding of the factors that promote and maintain smoking is crucial for the development of more effective prevention and intervention strategies.