Owning and disowning invention: intellectual property, authority and identity in British science and technology, 1880-1920.

拥有和放弃发明:英国科学技术中的知识产权、权威和身份,1880-1920。

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    AH/E00802X/1
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 49.56万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    英国
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2007
  • 资助国家:
    英国
  • 起止时间:
    2007 至 无数据
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

Accustomed views on science, technology and society have recently become unsettled. As the much-publicized closure of chemistry and physics departments at UK universities has illuminated, there is no longer a presumption that basic research deserves public funding. Academic scientists meanwhile have become increasingly entrepreneurial, turning their backs on seemingly old and stable ideals of disinterested inquiry to revert to the pursuit of patents and profits. At the same time, genomics, the Internet and other recent developments in 'techno-science' have shifted the boundaries of what counts as 'intellectual property', blurring distinctions between discovery and invention, originality and imitation, secrecy and openness. Important general concerns have thus been raised about the ownership of knowledge that have major implications for the public.In debate over these concerns, history has all too often been exploited to defend self-interested positions 'for' or 'against' restrictions on the ownership of new kinds of intellectual property. Distinctly lacking has been the kind of historical perspective that might render the past genuinely useful to inform present day concerns. This project thus looks at how issues of intellectual property originally became a major problem for science and technology at the turn of the twentieth century. Investigating how scientists were first able to shed their reliance on patents for funding, and indeed develop alternative modes of intellectual property will indicate the extent to which - ironically - our society has come full circle in encouraging techno-scientists once again to become patent-driven entrepreneurs. Going back to c.1900 for insight on these matters will hold up a mirror to the present, showing how things then were interestingly similar and yet instructively different to our current situation.Two major themes of public importance emerge from this. First, the popular idea that invention has always been the application of ideas from 'pure science' to practical matters turns out to be a crude myth. This one-way conception of how pure science supposedly inspires invention is a very recent phenomenon, and has only been plausible since the early twentieth century. This project explains how that conception first came to be tenable during World War 1 by looking at how scientists and engineers sought government funding in order to escape the problems of being obliged to rely upon patenting for financial income. The second closely related theme is that forcing scientists and engineers to become financially reliant upon the benefits of intellectual property - as was often the case before 1914 - could seriously compromise their capacity for producing authoritative and disinterested knowledge. This historical insight is offered with a view to informing debates about the merits of compelling scientists to pursue their research in a manner that is entirely self-funding. Finally, the project addresses present day concerns by considering three areas of techno-science to track how their early development raised problems in intellectual property. The most creative and controversial area of technology in the late nineteenth century was electrical engineering. Everyone had a stake in the development of the telephone, electric light and wireless as domestic technologies. Yet the subtly immaterial character of electricity posed major problems for defining the technical character of these innovations and thus who could claim to have 'authored' them, just as the ownership of immaterial information and software bedevils our equivalent 'boom technology' of computing. The early history of licensed plant breeding similarly foreshadows the rise of patenting life forms in biotechnology, while modern aerospace engineers share aeronautic pioneers' concern about secrecy in publicly funded research. Thisproject thus offers insights that may help to resolve today's conflicts over intellectual property.
对科学、技术和社会的认识最近变得不稳定。正如英国大学关闭化学和物理系的事件所表明的那样,基础研究不再需要公共资金。与此同时,学院派科学家变得越来越具有企业家精神,他们抛弃了看似古老而稳定的无私研究理想,转而追求专利和利润。与此同时,基因组学、互联网和“技术科学”的其他最新发展已经改变了“知识产权”的界限,模糊了发现和发明、原创和模仿、保密和公开之间的区别。因此,对公众有重大影响的知识所有权问题引起了广泛的关注。在关于这些问题的辩论中,历史常常被用来为“支持”或“反对”限制新型知识产权所有权的利己立场辩护。明显缺乏的是那种历史的视角,这种视角可能使过去真正有益于为当今的关切提供信息。因此,本项目着眼于知识产权问题最初是如何在二十世纪之交成为科学和技术的一个主要问题的。调查科学家如何能够摆脱对专利的依赖,并开发出知识产权的替代模式,将表明-具有讽刺意味的是-我们的社会在鼓励技术科学家再次成为专利驱动的企业家方面已经达到了一个完整的循环。追溯到1900年左右,对这些问题的洞察力将为我们提供一面镜子,展示当时的情况与我们目前的情况有着有趣的相似之处,但又有着巨大的不同,由此产生了两个具有公共重要性的主题。首先,流行的观点认为,发明一直是从“纯科学”的想法应用到实际问题原来是一个粗糙的神话。这种关于纯科学如何激发发明的单向观念是一个非常新的现象,直到世纪初才变得合理。这个项目解释了这一概念是如何在第一次世界大战期间首次成立的,通过研究科学家和工程师如何寻求政府资助,以避免被迫依赖专利获得经济收入的问题。第二个密切相关的主题是,迫使科学家和工程师在经济上依赖于知识产权的好处-就像1914年以前的情况一样-可能严重损害他们产生权威和公正知识的能力。提供这一历史性见解的目的是为有关迫使科学家以完全自筹资金的方式进行研究的优点的辩论提供信息。最后,该项目通过考虑三个技术科学领域来解决当今的问题,以跟踪它们的早期发展如何引起知识产权问题。世纪后期最具创造性和争议性的技术领域是电气工程。电话、电灯和无线电作为国内技术的发展与每个人都有利害关系。然而,电的微妙的非物质特性给定义这些创新的技术特性带来了重大问题,因此谁可以声称是他们的“作者”,就像非物质信息和软件的所有权困扰着我们同等的计算“繁荣技术”一样。许可植物育种的早期历史同样预示着生物技术中生命形式专利的兴起,而现代航空航天工程师与航空先驱一样,对公共资助研究的保密性感到担忧。因此,这个项目提供的见解可能有助于解决今天的知识产权冲突。

项目成果

期刊论文数量(10)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
Marconi the monopolist? Patents, imperialism and inter-communication
马可尼是垄断者吗?
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Graeme Gooday (Author)
  • 通讯作者:
    Graeme Gooday (Author)
"A delicate business": Wartime airplane designs and their post-war evaluation, 1919-1924
“微妙的事情”:战时飞机设计及其战后评估,1919-1924
Seeds Without Patents Science and Morality in British Plant Breeding in the Long Nineteenth-Century
  • DOI:
    10.3917/reco.641.0069
  • 发表时间:
    2013-01-01
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0.5
  • 作者:
    Charnley, Berris
  • 通讯作者:
    Charnley, Berris
Patently Contestable: Electrical Technologies and Inventor Identities on Trial in Britain
专利争议:英国审判的电气技术和发明人身份
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2013
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Arapostathis, Stathis;Gooday, Graeme
  • 通讯作者:
    Gooday, Graeme
The Contested Inventors: Technological Change, Culture and Morals in British Patent Disputes, 1880-1920
有争议的发明家:英国专利纠纷中的技术变革、文化和道德,1880-1920 年
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Graeme Gooday (Author)
  • 通讯作者:
    Graeme Gooday (Author)
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Graeme Gooday其他文献

Regulation of the gene encoding translation elongation factor 3 during growth and morphogenesis in Candida albicans.
白色念珠菌生长和形态发生过程中编码翻译延伸因子 3 的基因的调节。
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    1994
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    1.5
  • 作者:
    Rolf Swoboda;G. Bertram;D. Colthurst;Michael F. Tuite;N. Gow;Graeme Gooday;A. J. Brown
  • 通讯作者:
    A. J. Brown
Combative patenting: Military entrepreneurship in First World War telecommunications
  • DOI:
    10.1016/j.shpsa.2012.11.005
  • 发表时间:
    2013-06-01
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
  • 作者:
    Graeme Gooday
  • 通讯作者:
    Graeme Gooday

Graeme Gooday的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Graeme Gooday', 18)}}的其他基金

Electrifying Women: Understanding the Long History of Women in Engineering.
激励女性:了解女性在工程领域的悠久历史。
  • 批准号:
    AH/S012702/1
  • 财政年份:
    2019
  • 资助金额:
    $ 49.56万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Electrifying the country house: taking stories of innovation to new audiences
乡村别墅电气化:向新受众讲述创新故事
  • 批准号:
    AH/M009157/1
  • 财政年份:
    2015
  • 资助金额:
    $ 49.56万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Rethinking Patent Cultures
重新思考专利文化
  • 批准号:
    AH/L009803/1
  • 财政年份:
    2014
  • 资助金额:
    $ 49.56万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Innovating in Combat: telecommunications and intellectual property in the First World War
战斗中的创新:第一次世界大战中的电信和知识产权
  • 批准号:
    AH/K003917/1
  • 财政年份:
    2013
  • 资助金额:
    $ 49.56万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Learning from science communication's past: a historically informed approach to reciprocity, citizenship & diversity in a social contract for science
从科学传播的过去中学习:以历史为基础的互惠、公民权方法
  • 批准号:
    AH/J011320/1
  • 财政年份:
    2012
  • 资助金额:
    $ 49.56万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Patently Innovative? Re-interpreting the history of industrial medicine
专利创新?
  • 批准号:
    AH/I027339/1
  • 财政年份:
    2011
  • 资助金额:
    $ 49.56万
  • 项目类别:
    Fellowship
Collaborative Doctoral Grant - Whose call? Mapping the early usage and non-usage of the telephone in Britain
合作博士资助——谁的呼吁?
  • 批准号:
    AH/I507507/1
  • 财政年份:
    2010
  • 资助金额:
    $ 49.56万
  • 项目类别:
    Training Grant
Collaborative Doctoral 2010 Grant - The Telegraphic Life: Recovering the work of submarine cable technicians, 1850-1914
2010 年合作博士补助金 - 电报生活:恢复海底电缆技术人员的工作,1850-1914 年
  • 批准号:
    AH/I506357/1
  • 财政年份:
    2010
  • 资助金额:
    $ 49.56万
  • 项目类别:
    Training Grant
Electrifying History: expertise, risk and gender in late Victorian culture
激动人心的历史:维多利亚时代晚期文化中的专业知识、风险和性别
  • 批准号:
    113151/1
  • 财政年份:
    2006
  • 资助金额:
    $ 49.56万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
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