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Innovating in Combat: telecommunications and intellectual property in the First World War

战斗中的创新：第一次世界大战中的电信和知识产权

基本信息

批准号：
AH/K003917/1
负责人：
Graeme Gooday
金额：
$ 10.54万
依托单位：
University of Leeds
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2013 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FK003917%2F1
关键词：
Innovating Combat telecommunications intellectual property

项目摘要

As the centenary of the First World War approaches we can no longer draw upon the testimony of first-hand witnesses. Historians now more than ever need to scrutinise anew primary sources to develop fresh interpretations. This project considers in unprecedented depth the crucial role of innovative telecommunications in battlefront strategy, a topic previously devolved solely to signals historians. Hitherto, little scholarly attention has been paid to the (open or secret) patenting of such new communications devices, their strategic value in combat, or the sometimes enormous profits they generated. The capacity of military units to communicate securely, i.e. without interception, has underpinned successful combat strategy for centuries, and the First World War was no exception. The vulnerability of telecommunications was well illustrated by the British interception of the Zimmerman telegram from Germany in 1917. Yet in contrast to the popular Second World War stories of Bletchley Park's interception and breaking of Enigma codes, these issues have not been systematically explored in any public or academic history of First World War Britain. While recent historians (such as Gary Sheffield) have certainly reasserted the inventiveness and adaptability of the British forces during the First World War, such revisionist accounts have not extended to the inventive production and use of telecommunications, nor to the issues of intellectual property that they involved. A fortiori these issues are not covered in any military or civilian museum exhibits, nor in extant online teaching resources. Inroads have recently been made, however, by Gooday's AHRC project (2007-10) 'Owning and Disowning Invention' in understanding how intellectual property systems operated in the First World War. This Follow-On project will work in collaboration with the Oxford Museum of History of Science, and three project partners (Institution of Engineering and Technology, Porthcurno Telegraph Museum and BT Archives) to create public-facing resources on four specific themes: i) battle strategy in the First World War at times depended in important ways both on innovative (if risky) use of civilian-originated telecommunications (telegraph, telephone, radio) and on new combat-inspired technologies such as the Fullerphone, developed in 1915-16, in order accomplish secure communications in the face of innovative enemy techniques of interception. ii) patterns of innovation in First World War telecommunications need to be understood within the patent system for managing intellectual property rights. These extend both to the rights of the state over those of civilian and military patentees, and the pressure put on the management of that system by the priorities of war. Only by this means can we understand how the Fullerphone was produced for the British and other armies as the subject of a secret patent in 1916. iii) there was a subtly differentiated range of rewards available for militarily useful innovations in telecommunications: patent royalties, government purchase, promotion, medals or post hoc awards from the Royal Commission etc. The Fullerphone acts once again as an ideal case study, since most of such rewards were accrued by its inventor, Algernon Clement Fuller. iv) after the Great War difficult questions arose regarding the legitimate profit from wartime manufacture. The project resources focus on an important yet little studied case: the Marconi company's long legal dispute with the State over mass wartime 'infringement' of its wireless telegraphy patent rights, the large settlement from which funded the creation of the Cable and Wireless Co. This proposal is modelled on the PI's recent AHRC-funded Knowledge Transfer Project partnered with the Thackray Museum in Leeds, "Patently Innovative: Re-interpreting the history of industrial medicine" AH/I027339/1, also drawing on 'Owning and Disowning Invention'.

随着第一次世界大战一百周年的临近，我们不能再依靠第一手证人的证词。历史学家现在比以往任何时候都更需要仔细审查新的原始资料，以发展新的解释。该项目以前所未有的深度考虑了创新电信在前线战略中的关键作用，这是一个以前只交给信号历史学家的话题。然而，很少有学术界关注这种新通信设备的（公开或秘密）专利，它们在战斗中的战略价值，或者它们有时产生的巨大利润。几个世纪以来，军事单位安全通信（即不被拦截）的能力一直是成功的作战战略的基础，第一次世界大战也不例外。1917年英国截获齐默尔曼从德国发来的电报，很好地说明了电信的脆弱性。然而，与流行的第二次世界大战故事布莱切利公园的拦截和破解恩尼格玛密码相比，这些问题在第一次世界大战英国的任何公共或学术历史中都没有系统地探讨过。虽然最近的历史学家（如加里谢菲尔德）肯定重申了英国军队在第一次世界大战期间的创造性和适应性，但这种修正主义的叙述并没有延伸到电信的创造性生产和使用，也没有延伸到他们所涉及的知识产权问题。更不用说，这些问题在任何军事或民用博物馆的展品中都没有涉及，也没有在现存的在线教学资源中。然而，古迪的AHRC项目（2007-10）“拥有和否认发明”在理解知识产权制度在第一次世界大战中如何运作方面取得了进展。这个后续项目将与牛津科学史博物馆和三个项目合作伙伴合作（工程技术学院、Porthcurno电报博物馆和英国电信档案馆）就四个具体主题创建面向公众的资源：（一）第一次世界大战中的作战战略有时在重要方面取决于创新，（如果有风险的话）使用源自美国的电信（电报、电话、无线电）和新的战斗启发技术，如1915- 1916年开发的富勒电话，以便在面对敌人的创新拦截技术时实现安全通信。第一次世界大战电信创新的模式需要在管理知识产权的专利制度中加以理解。这些问题既包括国家对民事和军事专利权人的权利，也包括战争优先权对该系统管理的压力。只有通过这种方法，我们才能理解富勒电话是如何在1916年作为秘密专利的主题为英国和其他军队生产的。 iii）对于在军事上有用的电信创新，有一系列微妙的奖励：专利使用费、政府购买、晋升、皇家委员会的奖章或事后奖励等。富勒电话再次成为一个理想的案例研究，因为大多数此类奖励都是由其发明者阿尔杰农·克莱门特·富勒获得的。第一次世界大战后，关于战时制造的合法利润的难题出现了。项目资源集中在一个重要但很少研究的案例上：马可尼公司与国家就大规模战时“侵犯”其无线电报专利权的长期法律的纠纷，这一大笔和解资金资助了有线和无线公司的创建。重新解释工业医学的历史”AH/I 027339/1，也借鉴了“拥有和否认发明”。