Cultural Geographies of Counter-Diasporic Migation: The Second Generation Returns 'Home'

在移民和侨民研究中，第二代对家、身份和“他们在哪里”有着异常复杂和模糊的看法。此外，他们与"祖国"的联系--他们的父母在移民前出生和生活的地方--很少被研究。现在，来自世界上有战后大规模移民历史的各个地区（如希腊和塞浦路斯）的人口数据表明，第二代返回是一个日益增长的现象。该项目围绕着对返回的希腊裔美国人，希腊裔德国人和英国出生的希腊裔塞浦路斯人的比较研究而建立，将为散居，移民和身份的概念化和理解提供新的启示。另一个重要的背景是希腊和塞浦路斯的"移民逆转"：从20世纪50年代、60年代和70年代的大规模移民（希腊主要移民到北美和德国，塞浦路斯主要移民到英国），到20世纪80年代以来的大规模移民（来自东欧、中东、非洲和亚洲）。这使归国的第二代面临着一个急剧变化的家园。我们的研究问题包括：“家园”的形象是如何构建并传递给散居的第二代？ 短期的“母国”访问在学习祖国及其作为“地方”的潜在选择的过程中起着什么作用？返回者对发现他们所接受的记忆中的“纯粹”希腊（或塞浦路斯）（来自父母的故事、假期拜访等）有何反应近年来，全球化和大规模移民从根本上改变了什么？ 第二代作为"反散居"的回归--扭转了"散居"--在多大程度上改变了散居的概念？ 第二代的回归如何改变他们身份的意义和界限：他们对“他们是谁”和“家”在哪里的感觉？目的、目标和方法总体研究目的是探讨第二代的回归及其复杂和矛盾的身份和对家的看法。具体目标包括：对三个连续选择的群体的第二代“家庭”进行比较分析;了解身份和归属感如何在私人和公共环境中竞争和执行;在严格收集口头和书面个人叙述方面的方法创新。研究具有多点、多方法的特点。按照生活故事的方法，我们将收集90个叙事帐户，每组30个，在希腊和塞浦路斯的实地考察期间。此外，我们还将在返回地和选定的"来源"移民地点（伦敦、纽约、柏林）采访少数民族社区领导人和关键线人。第二代成员之间的焦点小组讨论将在后三个地方进行，以探索祖宅的形象和经验。参与者观察、实地记录、互联网讨论以及录像、摄影和录音将补充上述数据收集方法。潜在的应用和好处这项研究将是开创性的，因为它将是：第一个解决第二代返回的反离散现象之一;独特的是，它的调查'移民遇到 * 返回的第二代和新移民之间;方法创新，在其数据收集技术的组合;通过将他们作为研究过程的积极参与者与研究的移民接触，并与他们以及学术界的观众讨论研究结果。因此，我们的跨学科多方法具有示范作用-展示如何对移民进行某些类型的研究。而且，除了希腊和塞浦路斯的情况外，它还可能适用于过去有大量移民和目前有大量移民返回的其他地区，如其他南欧国家。北非、加勒比等。

Within migration and diaspora studies, the second generation has unusually complex and ambiguous views of home, Identity and 'where they belong'. Moreover, their connection to the 'homeland' - where their parents were born and lived before they emigrated - has been little researched. Now, demographic data from various parts of the world with a history of postwar mass emigration (such as Greece and Cyprus) show that second-generation return is a growing phenomenon. This project, built around a comparative study of returning Greek-Americans, Greek-Germans and British-born Greek Cypriots, will shed new light on how diasporas, migration and identities are conceptualised and understood. Another Important context is the 'migration reversal' of Greece and Cyprus: from mass emigration in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s (Greece mainly to North America and Germany, Cyprus mainly to the UK), to mass immigration since the 1980s (from Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia). This confronts the returning second generation with a dramatically changing homeland. Our research questions include: How are images of the 'homeland' constructed and passed on to the second generation in the diaspora? What is the role of short 'home-country" visits in the learning process about the homeland and its potential selection as a 'place to be'? How do the returnees react to the discovery that the 'pure' Greece (or Cyprus) of their received memory (from parents' stories, holiday visits etc.) has been fundamentally altered by globalisation and mass immigration in recent years? To what extent is the very notion of diaspora transformed by the return of the second generation as a 'counter-diaspora' - reversing the 'scattering'? How does the second generation's return change the meaning and boundaries of their identities: their sense of 'who they are' and of where 'home' is? Aims, objectives and methods The overarching research aim is to explore the second generation's return and their complex and ambivalent identities and views of home. Specific objectives include: Comparative analysis of second-generation 'home-comings' of three instructively-chosen groups; Understanding how identities and belonging are contested and performed in private and public settings; Methodological innovation in the rigorous collection of oral and written personal narratives. The research is multi-sited and multi-method. Following a life-story approach, we will collect 90 narrative accounts, 30 in each group, during fieldwork in Greece and Cyprus. In addition, we will interview ethnic community leaders and key informants, both in the places of return and in selected 'source' migration sites (London, New York, Berlin). Focus-group discussions amongst second-generation members will be conducted in each of these three latter places in order to explore the images and experiences of the ancestral home. Participant observation, field notes, Internet discussions, and video, photographic and audio recordings will supplement the above data collection methods. Potential applications and benefits The research will be pioneering in that it will be: One of the first to address the counter-diasporic phenomenon of second-generation return; Unique in its investigation of the 'migrant encounter* between the returning second generation and new immigrants; Methodologically Innovative in Its combination of data collection techniques; Engaging with the migrants studied by incorporating them as active participants in the research process, and discussing findings with them, as well as with academic audiences. Our interdisciplinary pluri-method approach thus has an exemplary function - to demonstrate how to carry out certain kinds of research with migrants. And, beyond the Greek and Cyprus cases, it has potential applications in other areas of significant past emigration and current return, such as other Southern European countries. North Africa, the Caribbean etc.