权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Militarized landscapes in the twentieth-century: Britain, France and the United States

二十世纪的军事化景观：英国、法国和美国

基本信息

批准号：
AH/E510434/1
负责人：
Peter Coates
金额：
$ 35.97万
依托单位：
University of Bristol
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2007
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2007 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FE510434%2F1
关键词：
Militarized landscapes twentieth century Britain

项目摘要

The decimation of Vietnamese jungles with Agent Orange in the 1960s and the black smoke billowing from burning oil wells during the Gulf War of 1990-1991 directed media and public attention toward war's environmental impact. Yet even before the first bomb is dropped, militarism and the preparation for warfare materially and imaginatively reshape landscapes and environments. However, this form of military mobilization remains under-researched. This project seeks to rectify this neglect through a comparative analysis of military mobilization of land to prepare for and to wage war. We will also explore the role of military lands as reservoirs of biodiversity often superior in 'green' value to surrounding non-militarized landscapes subject to intensive agricultural practices and other customary forms of human encroachment. The relationship between this high conservation value and the status of defence estates as landscapes emptied of human residents and civilian activities is a central ingredient of our study. Also integral is the study of tensions between ecological restoration and the preservation of the historic environment represented by military structures (also the pre-military features of the humanized landscape).With the development of increasingly powerful weaponry between the first and second world wars, European military organizations appropriated ever more land for training recruits and testing hardware (acquisition peaking in Britain during 1940s but continuing in France into the 1970s). At present, the military is the largest landowner in France and the British Ministry of Defence controls approximately one percent of UK territory. This project will focus on the military's justification for its control of national territory and the strategies it adopts to maintain its authority. It will also consider the challenges to militarized landscapes from those seeking access and a share of decision making and control: local communities, conservation organizations, environmentalists and other government bodies such as national park authorities. Of particular interest here is the interplay between the imperatives of defending the nation and defending nature. Yet nonhuman nature is also an integral part of the story. An analysis of the environmental history of military sites will address a central paradox in the war-environment relationship, namely, the suggestion that militarized landscapes sometimes become unexpected refuges for rare species of animals and plants. The French army has signed conservation agreements with the Ministry of the Environment, established 'Natural Zones of Ecological Interest for Flora and Fauna,' and advertises its ecological credentials, pointing to restrictions on intensive agriculture and urbanization on its bases. In Britain, Ministry of Defence lands hosts over 170 Site of Special Scientific Interest. How and why have military authorities embraced nature conservation policies? No environmental histories of militarized landscapes in France and Britain (nor of these nation's overseas holdings) have been written to date.As well as exploring how the military and social forces such as environmentalism interact, this project investigates how militarized landscapes have become sites for competing claims and conceptions of landscape and environment, natural value and historic value, and national defence and national heritage. Our case studies will be drawn principally from France (including sites in Fontainebleau forest, the Vercors, and Canjeurs) and southwest England/South Wales (including Dartmoor, Salisbury Plain, Tyneham Range, Castlemartin and the Brecon Beacons). These will be supplemented by an American case study (decommissioned weapons manufacturing plants in Colorado, whose former sites now host national wildlife refuges). This comparative focus contributes to the breaking down of monolithic concepts such as "militarism" and "militarized landscapes". The focus on British, French and American histories will bring out the common ground and divergences between national military culture and the local, national and continental specificity of their expression and impact on the landscape. This project is inheriently interdisciplinary, drawing on geography, history, and the natural sciences as it seeks to explore the material and cultural histories of militarized landscapes as well as themes of authority and access, and settlement and movement. By uncovering this largely untouched area of historical study, this project provides a vital historical perspective on highly topical questions of military power and environmental responsibility.

20 世纪 60 年代，越南丛林被橙剂摧毁，1990-1991 海湾战争期间油井燃烧冒出滚滚黑烟，这些事件将媒体和公众的注意力转向战争对环境的影响。然而，甚至在第一颗炸弹投下之前，军国主义和战争准备就在物质上和想象力上重塑了景观和环境。然而，这种形式的军事动员仍然没有得到充分研究。该项目旨在通过对军事动员土地备战和发动战争的比较分析来纠正这种忽视。我们还将探讨军事用地作为生物多样性库的作用，其“绿色”价值往往优于周围受到集约农业实践和其他习惯形式的人类侵占的非军事化景观。这种高保护价值与防御地产的地位之间的关系是我们研究的核心内容，因为这里没有人类居民和平民活动。同样不可或缺的是对生态恢复与军事建筑所代表的历史环境保护（也是人性化景观的前军事特征）之间的紧张关系的研究。随着第一次和第二次世界大战之间武器装备的日益强大，欧洲军事组织拨款越来越多的土地用于训练新兵和测试硬件（英国的购置在 1940 年代达到顶峰，但在法国持续到 1970 年代）。目前，军方是法国最大的土地所有者，英国国防部控制着英国约百分之一的领土。该项目将重点关注军方控制国家领土的理由以及为维持其权威而采取的战略。它还将考虑那些寻求进入并参与决策和控制的人对军事化景观的挑战：当地社区、保护组织、环保主义者和其他政府机构（例如国家公园当局）。这里特别令人感兴趣的是保卫国家和保护自然之间的相互作用。然而，非人类自然也是这个故事的一个组成部分。对军事遗址环境历史的分析将解决战争与环境关系中的一个核心悖论，即军事化景观有时会成为稀有动植物物种意想不到的避难所。法国军队与环境部签署了保护协议，建立了“动植物自然生态区”，并宣传其生态资质，指出其基地对其集约农业和城市化的限制。在英国，国防部拥有超过 170 个具有特殊科学价值的地点。军事当局如何以及为何接受自然保护政策？迄今为止，法国和英国（以及这些国家的海外资产）还没有关于军事化景观的环境史。除了探索军事和社会力量（例如环保主义）如何相互作用之外，该项目还调查了军事化景观如何成为景观与环境、自然价值和历史价值以及国防和国家遗产的主张和概念相互竞争的场所。我们的案例研究将主要来自法国（包括枫丹白露森林、韦科尔和坎茹尔地区）和英格兰西南部/南威尔士（包括达特穆尔、索尔兹伯里平原、泰纳姆山脉、卡斯尔马丁和布雷肯比肯斯）。这些将由美国案例研究（科罗拉多州退役的武器制造厂，其旧址现在成为国家野生动物保护区）进行补充。这种比较焦点有助于打破“军国主义”和“军事化景观”等单一概念。对英国、法国和美国历史的关注将揭示国家军事文化及其表达和对景观影响的地方、国家和大陆特殊性之间的共同点和分歧。该项目本质上是跨学科的，利用地理、历史和自然科学，试图探索军事化景观的物质和文化历史以及权威和通行、定居和运动的主题。通过揭示历史研究中这一基本未被触及的领域，该项目为军事力量和环境责任等高度热门的问题提供了重要的历史视角。