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The Empire Speaks Back: Northern Irish English as a Post-Colonial Dialect

帝国的反击：作为后殖民方言的北爱尔兰英语

基本信息

批准号：
AH/F001878/1
负责人：
Karen Corrigan
金额：
$ 3.83万
依托单位：
Newcastle University
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2008
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2008 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FF001878%2F1
关键词：
Empire Speaks Back Northern Irish

项目摘要

There has been a resurgence of interest in English dialects within academia & outside it. The former is due to a greater focus on dialect within linguistic theory. It may also result from the wider availability of resources like: www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk & www.ncl.ac.uk/necte. Popular interest has been encouraged by BBC 'Voices' (www.bbc.co.uk/voices/) as well as a renewed political focus on the regions. There has also been pressure to recognise the validity of non-native (including post-colonial) Englishes & their literatures. The demands of these diverse audiences have been met by popular books, like Mc Bride (1993) & authoritative works such as Kortmann et al. (2004). However, in-depth, current research on specific regions in the British Isles remains rare. While the geographical/historical facts inducing dialect differences & the methodologies for investigating these are discussed at length in textbooks & journals, the former tend to concentrate on generalities & the latter on specific features. There is a lack of detailed, fieldwork-based, scholarly documentation of particular varieties. Hence, this project's main goal is to record/analyse the major dialects of Northern Irish-English (NIrE) & to situate these globally as well as within the context of other British Isles' Englishes. A secondary goal would be to use the research to raise awareness amongst non-academic audiences in Northern Ireland (NI) of their dialects' genesis/history & the impact of these issues on contemporary dialectal diversity across the region. In addition to bringing my particular expertise to this project (see 'Publications List'), my rationale for focusing on NIrE is due to its uniqueness amongst non-Celtic British Isles' varieties. Like Welsh English, NIrE was initially learned as a second language. This scenario arose from the region's colonization by speakers of English/Scots dialects, beginning in the Middle Ages & reaching a peak during what is termed 'The Plantation Period' of Irish history. James I initiated this & he intended to 'plant' Protestants in Ulster to quell indigenous Irish rebellions. From 1605-1697, around 200,000 migrated from Scotland, continuing a tradition of migration between the regions that had already endured for generations (see Visual Evidence 1). The scheme also persuaded English settlers to colonize, hailing from urban centres like London as well as more rural areas like Norfolk. The greatest numbers by far, though, migrated from the NW Midlands. This intensive colonization process created the possibility that an innovative type of English could emerge. This new variety is characterized by: (i) novel forms; (ii) the incorporation of features drawn from the indigenous language & others caused by the mixing of Irish with the Scots/English dialects of the new settlers. Interestingly (and not uncommonly when migratory movements of these kinds arise), modern varieties of NIrE still retain this mixed heritage. Moreover, the colonization is preserved culturally in the region by ethnic divisions between the descendents of the migrant/indigene populations. Thus, Catholics celebrate events like 'St. Patrick's Day' while their Protestant neighbours commemorate 'The Glorious Twelfth' each July, celebrating the day in 1690 when King William III's Boyne victory ensured the ultimate success of the Plantation scheme. The linguistic consequences of this contact (including the correlation between language and ethnic identity in NI) are equally clear to the trained observer, though native speakers are less conscious of them. They permeate all aspects of the speech used within these communities (accent, grammar and vocabulary). Moreover, many of the features that are to be the focus of this project have travelled to regions that have been intensively settled post-colonization by NI migrants. Hence, this research will also have important implications for the study of transported dialects, which has recently become very topical.

学术界内外对英语方言的兴趣重新抬头，前者是由于语言学理论更加关注方言。这也可能是由于更广泛的资源可用性，如：www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk和www.ncl.ac.uk/necte。英国广播公司的“声音”节目（www.bbc.co.uk/cnes/）以及对这些地区重新进行的政治关注，鼓励了公众的兴趣。也有压力承认非本土（包括后殖民）英语及其文学的有效性。这些不同受众的需求已经被流行的书籍所满足，如Mc Bride（1993）和权威的作品，如Kortmann et al.（2004）。然而，目前对不列颠群岛特定地区的深入研究仍然很少。虽然在教科书和期刊中详细讨论了导致方言差异的地理/历史事实以及调查这些差异的方法，但前者倾向于集中于一般性，后者则集中于具体特征。缺乏详细的，基于实地考察的，特定品种的学术文献。因此，该项目的主要目标是记录/分析北方爱尔兰英语（NIRE）的主要方言，并在全球范围内以及在其他不列颠群岛的英语背景下对这些方言进行分类。第二个目标是利用这项研究提高北方爱尔兰（NI）非学术受众对其方言起源/历史的认识，以及这些问题对该地区当代方言多样性的影响。除了把我的专业知识带到这个项目（见“出版物清单”），我专注于NIRE的理由是由于它在非凯尔特不列颠群岛的品种中的独特性。与威尔士英语一样，NIRE最初是作为第二语言学习的。这种情况源于该地区的殖民地的英语/苏格兰方言的发言者，开始在中世纪和达到高峰期间被称为“种植园种植园时期”的爱尔兰历史。詹姆斯一世发起了这一行动&他打算在阿尔斯特“种植”新教徒，以平息爱尔兰本土的叛乱。从1605年到1697年，大约有20万人从苏格兰迁移，延续了几代人以来地区之间的迁移传统（见视觉证据1）。该计划还说服了英国定居者进行殖民，他们海陵伦敦等城市中心以及诺福克等更多的农村地区。然而，到目前为止，最大的数量是从西北部的中部地区迁移过来的。这种密集的殖民化过程创造了一种创新类型英语出现的可能性。这种新的变体的特点是：（一）形式新颖;（二）融合了土著语言的特征，以及由于爱尔兰语与新定居者的苏格兰/英语方言混合而产生的其他特征。有趣的是（当这类迁徙运动出现时，这种情况并不罕见），NIRE的现代变种仍然保留着这种混合遗产。此外，由于移民/土著人口后裔之间的种族划分，该地区的殖民化在文化上得以保留。因此，天主教徒庆祝像“圣帕特里克节”这样的事件，而他们的新教徒邻居每年7月纪念“光荣的第十二个”，庆祝1690年的这一天，当时国王威廉三世的博因胜利确保了种植园计划的最终成功。这种接触的语言后果（包括语言和民族认同之间的相关性在NI）是同样清楚的训练有素的观察者，虽然母语者不太意识到他们。它们渗透在这些社区使用的语言的各个方面（口音，语法和词汇）。此外，该项目的许多重点特征已经传播到北爱尔兰移民在殖民化后集中定居的地区。因此，这项研究也将有重要的意义，研究迁移方言，这是最近成为一个非常热门的话题。