THE GENEVANS AFTER ROUSSEAU, 1762-1802

卢梭之后的日内瓦人，1762-1802 年

• 批准号: AH/F002815/1
• 负责人: Richard Whatmore
• 金额: $ 3.64万
• 依托单位: University of Sussex
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2008 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FF002815%2F1
• 关键词: GENEVANS; AFTER; ROUSSEAU; 1762; 1802

Between the 1760s and the 1780s, leaders of a Genevan political movement calling themselves 'représentants', who were seeking to make their state more democratic recognized that city-republics such as their own were no longer genuinely independent. The international world was dominated by commercial monarchies enjoying access to public credit, which in turn facilitated the establishment of huge mercenary armies. Small republics could no longer defend themselves, and were falling prey to monarchies motivated by Realpolitik. The Genevan radicals' mentor, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, published his reform proposals for civil peace and the survival of small republics in 1764 as 'Lettres écrites de la montagne'. At this point the Genevan représentants rejected Rousseau's ideas, and decided that the balance of power between small and large states had to change if their republic was to survive. This necessitated the reform of the French and British empires, because these powers were perceived by the Genevans to dominate international relations in western Europe. Remarkably, many of the Genevans became prominent in both Britain and in France, and were in the forefront of reform politics in the following decades. In the early 1780s they were supported by Lord Shelburne, especially when he was Prime Minister in 1782-3, in an attempt to transform Ireland economically by establishing a 'new Geneva' at Waterford. Their plan was to turn idle Catholic peasants into industrious Protestant artisans by involving them in a watch-making industry led by expert Genevan entrepreneurs. Subsequently, the Genevans sought to persuade British ministers to dismantle the 'mercantile system' of economic controls over empire trade. The culmination of their campaign in the Calonne and Pitt ministries was the 'Eden' Treaty with France in 1786, which was seen as a major step in protecting the interests of small commercial republics by uniting the economic interests of Britain and France. In the 1780s, the Genevan radicals who lived in Britain were closely co-ordinating their strategies with fellow représentants in Paris. The latter group was led by the wealthy merchant Etienne Clavière, who had left Geneva in 1782. Clavière then employed Gabriel-Honoré Riqueti de Mirabeau and Jacques-Pierre Brissot to foster his various projects for commercial cosmopolitanism, in part through the influential 'Société des Amis des Noirs' and 'Société Gallo-Américaine'. When the revolution commenced in France, Clavière and two other Genevans, Jacques-Antoine Duroveray and Etienne Dumont, became part of what contemporaries called the 'atelier de Mirabeau', which was responsible for writing many of the great orator's speeches in the National Assembly, in addition to editing his journal, the Courier de Provence. After Mirabeau's death in April 1791, Clavière helped Brissot to forge the party of the Gironde in the Constituent Assembly, in the process greatly influencing the politics of well-known supporters of the revolution, such as Tom Paine and the Marquis de Condorcet. Clavière became the last finance minister of the French monarchy and the first of the new French republic before dying during the Terror. Etienne Dumont, by contrast, fled France for London, where he became closely involved, through the Shelburne circle, with Jeremy Bentham. Dumont made Bentham famous by taking his disorganized manuscripts and editing and translating them. The first fruit of their collaboration was the 'Traité de Législation civile et pénale' (1802), which became a founding text of philosophic radicalism.The Genevan radicals' contribution to Euruopean intellectual history has never been recognized, although their influence ranged from the free trade, anti-Catholic, reform Protestant, and anti-slavery movements, to revolutionary French republicanism and British utilitarianism.

在18世纪60年代至80年代之间，一个自称“共和国”的日内瓦政治运动的领导人认识到，像他们这样的城市共和国不再是真正独立的。国际世界由享有公共信贷的商业君主统治，这反过来又促进了庞大雇佣军的建立。小共和国不再能够保卫自己，并成为受现实政治驱使的君主制的牺牲品。日内瓦激进分子的导师让-雅克·卢梭在1764年发表了他的改革建议，以促进国内和平和小共和国的生存，这就是《山区的文字》。在这一点上，日内瓦的代表们拒绝了卢梭的想法，并决定，如果他们的共和国要生存，小国和大国之间的权力平衡必须改变。这使得法国和英国帝国的改革成为必要，因为日内瓦人认为这两个大国主宰着西欧的国际关系。值得注意的是，许多日内瓦人在英国和法国都变得突出，并在随后的几十年里走在改革政治的前列。在18世纪80年代初，他们得到了谢尔本勋爵的支持，特别是当他在1782- 1783年担任首相时，他们试图通过在沃特福德建立“新日内瓦”来改变爱尔兰的经济。他们的计划是通过让无所事事的天主教农民参与由日内瓦企业家领导的钟表制造业，将他们变成勤劳的新教工匠。随后，日内瓦人试图说服英国大臣们解除对帝国贸易的“重商主义”经济控制。1786年，他们在卡隆和皮特内阁的运动达到高潮，与法国签订了《伊甸园条约》，这被视为通过联合英国和法国的经济利益来保护小商业共和国利益的重要一步。18世纪80年代，居住在英国的日内瓦激进分子与巴黎的代表密切协调他们的战略。后者由富商艾蒂安·克拉维埃领导，他于1782年离开日内瓦。随后，克拉维埃聘请加布里埃尔-奥诺雷·里克特·德·米拉波和雅克-皮埃尔·里克特·德·米拉波来促进他的各种商业世界主义项目，部分是通过有影响力的“黑色之友协会”和“高卢-美洲协会”。当法国革命开始时，Clavière和另外两个日内瓦人Jacques-Antoine Duroveray和Etienne Dumont成为同时代人所谓的“Atelier de Mirabeau”的一部分，该工作室负责撰写许多伟大演说家在国民议会的演讲，除了编辑他的期刊，Cérés de Provence。米拉波于1791年4月去世后，克拉维埃帮助阿尔布索在制宪会议中建立了吉伦特党，在这个过程中，他极大地影响了著名的革命支持者的政治，如汤姆潘恩和孔多塞侯爵。克拉维埃成为法国君主制的最后一位财政部长，也是新法兰西共和国的第一位财政部长，直到在恐怖时期去世。与此相反，艾蒂安·杜蒙从法国逃到了伦敦，在那里他通过谢尔本的圈子与杰里米·边沁关系密切。杜蒙把边沁杂乱无章的手稿整理、编辑和翻译出来，从而使边沁闻名于世。他们合作的第一个成果是《民事和刑事立法条约》（Traité de Législation civile et pénale，1802年），它成为哲学激进主义的奠基文本。日内瓦激进派对欧洲思想史的贡献从未得到承认，尽管他们的影响范围从自由贸易、反天主教、新教改革和反奴隶制运动，到革命的法国共和主义和英国功利主义。