Between Magna Carta and the Parliamentary State: the Fine Rolls of King Henry III 1248-1272

大宪章与议会国家之间：亨利三世国王 1248-1272 年的精美卷册

• 批准号: AH/F011105/1
• 负责人: David Carpenter
• 金额: $ 79.6万
• 依托单位: King's College London
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2008 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FF011105%2F1
• 关键词: Between; Magna; Carta; Parliamentary; State

Between Magna Carta and the Parliamentary State: the Fine Rolls of King Henry III 1248-1272' is a collaborative project involving The National Archives (TNA) and King's College London's Department of History and Centre for Computing in the Humanities. The aim is to cast new light on one of the most significant periods in English history, in the process making an extraordinary set of documents intelligible and freely available to the general public for use in many contexts. Written in Latin on parchment, the fine rolls are the earliest of the great series of rolls on which the English royal Chancery recorded its business, a series unique in Europe and one of the chief treasures of TNA. Fines were offers of money to the king for concessions and favours. Permission for a widow to stay single or to marry whom she wished, licences to set up new markets, writs to pursue legal actions, all these and much more besides had to be paid for, the amount often depending on the degree of favour enjoyed with the king. The rolls also record appointments to local office, taxation levied on towns, exactions from Jews, and orders to seize land into the king's hands during political crises. There are twenty-four rolls between 1248-72, the second half of Henry's reign, some containing over 40,000 words. They have never been properly published or analysed, despite the large window they open onto one of the most formative and exciting periods of English history. With the size of the political community rapidly expanding, these were key years in the development of English identity and the English state. They saw the first summons of knights and burgesses to parliament (the House of Commons in embryo), a political revolution far more radical than Magna Carta in 1215, and the rule of Simon de Montfort, the first leader to seize power from the king and govern the country. Society was changing fast, the period, so historians have suggested, witnessing the impoverishment of the Jews, a crisis of the knightly class, significant changes to the landscape, the transition from 'feudalism' to 'bastard feudalism' and widespread starvation of peasants as the population outran the ability of the land to sustain it. The project will publish a book examining the light shed by the rolls on politics and patronage, law and government, writing and bureaucracy, society and economy, and gender and family. It will explore the idea that that the restrictions imposed by Magna Carta on the king's arbitrary power to exact money necessitated the taxation which only parliament could grant, hence the new power of parliament and the development of the parliamentary state.In order to research these questions, an English translation of the rolls will be prepared in electronic form with a sophisticated search engine capable of sorting themes and subjects as well as people and places. In line with TNA's vision of 'History for All', this resource, together with digitised images of the original rolls, will be freely available across the world on the project's website, which will be developed from the existing site of the AHRC funded project which published Henry III's fine rolls from 1216 to 1248: www.finerollshenry3.org.uk; 'a treasure-trove of information' according to one user. Family historians, who make up 65% of TNA's readers, will be able to use their skills on the wealth of material in the rolls about families and their networks. Shoolchildren, students and historians of all kinds will be able to access the resource both to explore the questions addressed by the project, and pose and answer questions of their own. Everyone will be encouraged to contribute to the 'Fine of the Month' feature where (as in the 1216-48 project) there is monthly comment on material in the rolls.The project thus illuminates a momentous period of English history and creates and democratises a lasting resource for use by many people in many contexts.

大宪章与议会制国家之间：国王亨利三世1248-1272年的精美卷轴“是一个合作项目，涉及国家档案馆（TNA）和伦敦国王学院历史系和人文计算中心。其目的是在英国历史上最重要的时期之一投下新的光，在这个过程中，使一套非凡的文件理解和免费提供给公众在许多情况下使用。用拉丁文写在羊皮纸上的精美纸卷是英国皇家大法官办公室记录其业务的伟大系列纸卷中最早的一个，这是欧洲独一无二的系列，也是TNA的主要宝藏之一。罚款是向国王提供金钱以换取让步和恩惠。允许寡妇保持单身或与她希望的人结婚，允许她建立新的市场，允许她采取法律的行动，所有这些以及其他更多的东西都必须支付，金额往往取决于国王的恩惠程度。名册还记录了地方官员的任命、对城镇的征税、对犹太人的勒索以及在政治危机期间将土地收归国王手中的命令。在1248年至1272年之间，即亨利统治的后半期，有24卷，有些包含超过40，000个单词。它们从来没有被适当地出版或分析过，尽管它们打开了一扇大窗户，通向英国历史上最具形成性和最令人兴奋的时期之一。随着政治共同体的规模迅速扩大，这些年是英国身份和英国国家发展的关键时期。他们见证了第一次召集骑士和议员进入议会（下议院尚处于萌芽状态），这是一场远比1215年的《大宪章》更为激进的政治革命，也见证了西蒙·德·蒙特福特的统治，他是第一位从国王手中夺取权力并治理国家的领导人。历史学家认为，这一时期的社会变化很快，见证了犹太人的灭绝，骑士阶级的危机，景观的重大变化，从“封建主义”到“私生子封建主义”的转变，以及随着人口超过土地的承受能力而出现的农民普遍饥饿。该项目将出版一本书，研究罗尔斯对政治和赞助的启示，法律与政府、写作与官僚、社会与经济、性别与家庭。本文将探讨《大宪章》对国王任意征收货币权力的限制，使只有议会才能授予的税收成为必要，从而产生了新的议会权力和议会制国家的发展。将以电子形式编写《名册》的英文译本，并使用一个先进的搜索引擎，能够对主题和主题进行分类，以及人和地方。根据TNA的“历史为所有人”的愿景，该资源以及原始卷的数字化图像将在该项目的网站上免费提供给世界各地，该网站将从AHRC资助的项目的现有网站开发，该项目出版了1216年至1248年的亨利三世的精美卷：www.finerollshenry3.org.uk;根据一位用户的说法，这是“信息的宝库”。家庭历史学家占TNA读者的65%，他们将能够利用自己的技能来研究有关家庭及其网络的大量材料。学校的孩子，学生和各种历史学家将能够访问资源，探索项目所解决的问题，并提出和回答自己的问题。每个人都将被鼓励贡献给“每月罚款”功能，其中（如在1216-48项目）有每月对材料的评论卷。该项目因此照亮了英国历史的一个重要时期，并创造和民主化的持久资源，供许多人在许多情况下使用。