Greek-Italic Relations and Indigenous Identity in the Archaeological Record and Numismatic Imagery of Sicily and Magna Graecia

通过对考古证据的分析，特别是对铸币的分析，该项目研究了土著文化与公元前5 - 3世纪由南意大利和西西里土著群体生产的硬币上的希腊衍生图像之间的联系。土著铸币最迷人的特征之一是图像的实施，最初出现在希腊城邦发行的硬币上。这些类型学上的相似性是特别不寻常的，因为钱币图像被广泛认为是传达当地公民身份和政治自治。这就提出了为什么土著群体复制希腊图像的问题。为了解决这个问题以及更广泛的土著身份和希腊土著关系问题，该项目提供了一个结合考古学和钱币学的跨学科研究。主要的研究问题是：1。土著遗址的材料记录是否表明发行背景与所制作的硬币形象之间存在关系？希腊衍生意象的本土使用与希腊在非货币语境中的影响之间是否存在关系？3. 希腊衍生类型如何表达本土认同和/或政治自治？虽然研究承认希腊和本土硬币之间的相似之处表明各自中心之间存在联系（Rutter 1979; Malkin 1987），但这种联系通常被视为表明土著定居点对希腊城市的“希腊倾向”或“影响范围”（Lomas 1995; Small and Small 2022）。《意大利历史》（Historia Numorum - Italy, Rutter 2001）等钱币目录证实，意大利南部和西西里岛的不同土著群体使用希腊衍生的图像，并从多个希腊城市获取这些图像。这强调了采用希腊肖像的本土实践是普遍存在的。因此，这种做法不能通过分析一个单一的“部落”和/或一个有限的时期来解释。因此，这个项目将进行一项区域研究，审查一个延长的时间框架，并借鉴最近的考古研究。考古研究为希腊物品和做法的土著采用提供了宝贵的见解。研究表明，希腊的仪式实践被用来崇拜土著神灵，希腊制造的物品在扩张的背景下受到土著精英的青睐（Fracchia和Gualtieri 1989； Morgan 2009）。目前对希腊衍生图像的土著使用的解释忽略了这些见解，强调了将材料记录和货币数据结合起来进行研究的必要性。为了获得一个区域的横截面，本论文的每一章都将涉及一个领域（例如，坎帕尼亚），调查居民，货币和更广泛的考古研究（例如，Horsnæs 2002）。每一章还将以至少一个详细的案例研究为特色，这些案例研究是根据该遗址的挖掘情况和其铸币显示希腊的影响而选择的。例子包括Arpi (Apulia), Petelia （Bruttium）和Elymian在Segesta的定居点。还将对帕埃斯图姆（Paestum）等城市进行案例研究，帕埃斯图姆是一个在土著控制下发行硬币的希腊城市。为了纳入生产有限硬币和/或未进行详细挖掘的遗址（如Baletium），该项目将调查由实施希腊衍生图像的土著中心发布的全部正面和反面图像。本次调查将确定地域、希腊土著和土著间的趋势，同时探索土著肖像代表一种未被认可的货币图像类别的可能性。通过将考古学和钱币学结合起来，该项目将有助于更好地将希腊图像的土著使用背景化。在此过程中，它将为理解希腊本土文化网络、社会关系和文化提供缺失的部分

Through an analysis of the archaeological evidence with a particular focus on the coinage, this project examines the connection between indigenous culture and the Greek-derived imagery on coins produced in the fifth - third centuries BCE by the South Italian and Sicilian indigenous groups.One of the most fascinating features of indigenous coinage is the implementation of imagery which first featured on coins issued by Greek poleis. These typological similarities are especially unusual as numismatic iconography is broadly regarded as conveying local civic identity and political autonomy. This raises questions as to why the indigenous groups copied Greek imagery. To address this and broader questions of indigenous identity and Greek-indigenous relations, this project offers an interdisciplinary study combining archaeology and numismatics. The primary research questions are:1. Does the material record at indigenous sites indicate a relationship between the issuing context and coin image produced?2. Is there a relationship between the indigenous use of Greek-derived imagery and Greek influence in non-numismatic contexts? 3. How do the Greek-derived types express indigenous identity and/or political autonomy?While studies recognise that the similarities between Greek and indigenous coins indicate a connection between the respective centres (Rutter 1979; Malkin 1987), this connection is often viewed as signifying the indigenous settlement's "Greek leanings" or "sphere of influence" of the Greek city from which the imagery was derived (Lomas 1995; Small and Small 2022).Coin catalogues like Historia Numorum - Italy (Rutter 2001), confirm that different indigenous groups across South Italy and Sicily employed Greek-derived imagery and sourced this imagery from multiple Greek cities. This underscores that the indigenous practice of adopting Greek iconography was pervasive. Therefore the practice cannot be explained by analysis of a singular "tribe" and/or a limited period. Thus, this project will undertake a regional study, examining an extended timeframe and drawing upon recent archaeological studies.Archaeological research offers invaluable insights into the indigenous adoption of Greek items and practices. Studies show that Greek ritual practices were adopted for worshiping indigenous deities and Greek manufactured objects were favoured by the indigenous elite in the context of aggrandisement (Fracchia and Gualtieri 1989; Morgan 2009). Current explanations for the indigenous use of Greek-derived imagery overlook such insights, accentuating the need for a study that incorporates the material record and the numismatic data.To obtain a regional cross-section, each chapter of this dissertation will address a territory (e.g., Campania) surveying the inhabitants, coinage, and broader archaeological studies (e.g., Horsnæs 2002). Each chapter will also feature at least one detailed case study, selected on the basis that the site has been excavated and its coinage shows Greek influence. Examples include Arpi (Apulia), Petelia (Bruttium), and the Elymian settlement at Segesta. Case studies will also be undertaken on cities like Paestum, a Greek city that issued coinage under indigenous control. To incorporate sites that produced limited coinage and/or have not been subject to detailed excavation (like Baletium), this project will survey the entirety of obverse and reverse imagery issued by the indigenous centres where Greek derived imagery was implemented. This survey will identify territorial, Greek-indigenous, and inter-indigenous trends while exploring the likely possibility that indigenous iconography represents an unrecognised category of numismatic imagery.By uniting archaeology and numismatics, this project will contribute to a better contextualisation of the indigenous use of Greek imagery. In doing so, it will provide the missing piece in understanding Greek-indigenous cultural networks, social relations, and ind