The Role of MIM in growth factor signaling and cell motility

描述（由申请人提供）：肿瘤扩散是由于持续的细胞膜突出、侵袭和迁移而发生的，这些活动需要动态肌动蛋白细胞骨架重组。肌动蛋白在细胞前沿的组装是通过Arp2/3复合物、WASP/WAVE家族蛋白和皮质蛋白的功能实现的，这些蛋白被Rho小GTPases和蛋白酪氨酸激酶Src激活。我们最近的研究发现，皮质蛋白与转移缺失（MIM）基因的蛋白产物结合，该基因的表达在侵袭性肿瘤细胞和晚期人类膀胱细胞癌中经常丢失。过表达MIM可明显抑制生长因子介导的肿瘤细胞或正常细胞的运动，抑制Rho GTPase家族成员Rac1组成性激活诱导的板足形成。在细胞内，MIM与Rac1共定位并能与Rac1共沉淀。在体外，MIM抑制由WASP介导的肌动蛋白聚合。有趣的是，在响应生长因子时，MIM经历了快速的酪氨酸磷酸化，同时与接触蛋白发生短暂的相互作用。MIM抑制Rac1需要两个酪氨酸残基的磷酸化。基于这些数据，我们假设MIM与一种新的信号通路有关，该信号通路拮抗Rac在肌动蛋白细胞骨架组装中的功能，该活性受到酪氨酸磷酸化的调节。为了验证这一假设，我们提出表征MIM拮抗Rac的机制。因此，我们将确定MIM是否直接与Rac相互作用，并检查直接关联是否必要和足以抑制Rac。我们还将分析Rac的效应物IRSp53和WAVE在MIM功能中的作用，并测试抑制Rac是否是MIM调节生长因子诱导的细胞运动的机制。我们将描述MIM磷酸化的信号通路，并研究Src是否是PDGF介导的MIM酪氨酸磷酸化的初级酪氨酸激酶，并分析Src敲除细胞和过表达温度敏感的v-Src细胞中MIM的酪氨酸磷酸化。我们还将探讨酪氨酸磷酸化在与Rac和接触的相互作用以及细胞运动方面对MIM的调节中的作用。最后，我们将通过RNA干扰MIM表达细胞沉默MIM，研究低水平MIM表达在肿瘤细胞运动中的作用，并研究抑制MIM表达是否会导致板足发育、Rac激活、细胞内肌动蛋白聚合和细胞运动的增加。预计该提案目标的实现将指导我们未来努力了解MIM如何促进肿瘤进展。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Tumor spreading occurs as a consequence of continuous cell membrane protrusion, invasion and migration, the activities that require dynamic actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Actin assembly in the cell leading edge is achieved by the functions of Arp2/3 complex, WASP/WAVE family proteins and cortactin, which are activated by Rho small GTPases and protein tyrosine kinase Src. Our recent study has uncovered that cortactin binds to the protein product of missing in metastasis (MIM) gene, expression of which is frequently lost in a subset of aggressive tumor cells and advanced human bladder cell carcinomas. Overexpression of MIM inhibits markedly the motility of tumor cells or normal cells mediated by growth factors, and restrains the lamellipodia formation induced by constitutively activated Rac1, a member of the Rho GTPase family. Within cells MIM colocalizes with and is able to coprecipitate with Rac1. In vitro, MIM inhibits the actin polymerization mediated by WASP. Interestingly, MIM undergoes a rapid tyrosine phosphorylation in concurrent with transient interaction with cortactin in response to growth factors. Phosphorylation at two tyrosine residues is required for MIM to inhibit Rac1. Based on these data, we hypothesize that MIM is implicated in a novel signaling pathway antagonizing the function of Rac in the assembly of actin cytoskeleton, the activity that is subjected to a regulation through tyrosine phosphorylation. To test this hypothesis, we propose to characterize the mechanism for MIM to antagonize Rac. Therefore, we will determine whether MIM interacts directly with Rac and examine whether the direct association is necessary and sufficient to inhibit Rac. We will also analyze the role of IRSp53 and WAVE, the effectors of Rac, in the function of MIM, and test whether inhibition of Rac is the mechanism for MIM to modulate cell motility induced by growth factors. We will delineate the signaling pathway for MIM phosphorylation and examine whether Src is the primary tyrosine kinase responsible for the PDGF mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of MIM, and analyze tyrosine phosphorylation of MIM in Src knockout cells and the cells overexpressing temperature sensitive v-Src. We will also explore the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the regulation of MIM with respect to interaction with Rac and cortactin, and cell motility. Finally, we will examine the role of MIM expression at low levels in the motility of tumor cells by silencing MIM using RNA interference in MIM expression cells, and examine whether suppression of MIM expression will lead to increase in lamellipodia development, Rac activation, actin polymerization in cells and cell motility. It is anticipated that achievement of the goal of this proposal will direct our future effort to understand how MIM contributes to tumor progression.