P53 Based Vaccine for Small Cell Lung Cancer

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DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the incurable, most aggressive form of lung cancer. SCLC has been found to be frequently associated with somatic mutations in the p53 gene that often results in p53 overexpression in tumor cells. This overexpression produces a variety of antigenic epitopes that form the basis for tumor specific cellular immunotherapy. Dependence of tumor cells on abnormal p53 for their survival makes this protein an "ideal" candidate for cancer immunotherapy. Because of their unique features, dendritic cells (DC) are the best vehicles for delivery of tumor antigens (Ags). We have developed a new vaccine based on transduction of dendritic cells (DC) with wild-type p53 using an adenoviral construct. This vaccine demonstrated potency in pre-clinical experiments. Based on those observation we initiated a phase l/ll clinical trial that was designed to test the safety and efficacy of the Ad.p53-DC vaccine in patients who have extensive stage SCLC. This trial is almost completed now. Twenty-nine patients were fully evaluated clinically and immunologically, and another 21 patients are in the process of evaluation. The vaccine itself was safe, and produced major tumor responses in two patients. P53-specific T cell responses were induced by the vaccine in half of the treated patients. Thus, a substantial proportion of patients did not develop an immunological response to vaccination. Our data demonstrated that the lack of immune response to vaccination was closely associated with accumulation of immature myeloid cells (ImC), previously shown to be immunosuppressive. However, the main findings from the trial were an unusually high frequency of major objective tumor regressions in patients treated with chemotherapy immediately after the vaccine. These observations were quite unexpected since the existing paradigm suggests that chemotherapy is detrimental to the maintenance of an immune response. During last 8 months, four groups including ours nearly simultaneously reported similar observations in different cohorts of patients treated with different vaccines and chemotherapeutics. This suggests a possible new direction in cancer treatment where the combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy in direct sequence may provide substantial clinical benefits. All previous trials including ours were not designed to evaluate this paradigm. We believe that this issue is of a paramount significance for the entire field and deserves definitive testing. Therefore we propose to test the following hypotheses: (1) the combination of the Ad.p53-DC vaccine and subsequent chemotherapy will result in a substantial improvement in the clinical response, and (2) the addition of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) to the Ad.p53-DC vaccine may substantially improve the p53-specific immune response and hence clinical response in SCLC patients. Proposed project has two specific aims. Specific Aim 1. Determine the clinical response to the Adv-p53 DC vaccine in patients with extensive stage SCLC, whether chemotherapy given after the vaccine is more effective, and whether all-ATRA enhances this response. Specific Aim 2. Determine the immune modifying effect of immunization and chemotherapy on p53-specific immunity.