Developmental Influences on Adolescent Smoking Patterns

以家庭为基础的预防青少年吸烟的计划取得的成功有限，也许是因为他们一直是“一个 大小适合所有人。“实验青年很可能是一个行为异质的群体。因此， 区分那些升级的年轻人和那些不升级的年轻人可能比那些更微妙和复杂 区分不吸烟者和吸烟者。本研究的目的是探讨发展中国家的发展， 青少年吸烟的背景影响成为一个经常吸烟者的风险：（a）测量关系过程 （B）研究青少年的个体差异 问题行为作为区分规范性实验（可能是短暂的）与慢性和 普遍的问题行为（可能持续和升级），以及（c）检查家庭环境和 青少年行为特别是，我们（1）研究高质量的家庭通信过程是否缓冲 实验青年成为经常吸烟者，（2）测试父母的做法的共同影响， 青少年问题行为，以及（3）检查是否一个积极的家庭环境缓冲青少年的影响， 抑郁症和危险的同伴网络对吸烟升级的影响。样本将由1400名青年组成， 过度采样导致吸烟。对青少年吸烟、父母教养方式和 青少年问题行为和抑郁症状将在36个月内出现6次。400个子样本 实验青年还将参加一项关于家庭关系过程的深入研究。居家 在基线和24个月之间，将对三次讨论进行两次观察。在本研究中，我们 将测试父母开放的沟通风格和青少年对家庭讨论的接受程度， 吸烟减少吸烟升级的风险，并检查是否家庭的质量和内容 关于吸烟的交流在预测升级中相互作用。在完整的样本中，我们将模拟以下因素的影响： (a)父母对青少年问题行为状态的行为调节，以及（B）测试缓冲效应 积极的家庭环境作为青年抑郁症状和危险的同龄人环境的函数， 吸烟摄入连续体的水平。将使用多层次技术。识别个体差异 在家庭中，吸烟对青少年的影响将为有针对性的预防和戒烟工作提供重要信息。

Family-based programs to prevent youth smoking have had limited success, perhaps because they have been "one size fits all." Experimenting youth are likely to be a behaviorally heterogeneous group. As a result, factors that distinguish youth who escalate from those who don't are likely to be more subtle and complex than those distinguishing never-smokers from smokers. The goal of this study is to investigate how the developmental context of youth smoking affects the risk of becoming a regular smoker by: (a) measuring relationship processes between parents and youth using observational methodology, (b) examining individual differences in youth problem behavior as a means of distinguishing normative experimentation (likely to be transient) from chronic and pervasive problem behavior (likely to persist and escalate), and (c) examining the interaction of family context and youth behavior. In particular, we (1) examine whether high quality family communication processes buffer experimenting youth against becoming regular smokers, (2) test the joint influence of parenting practices and youth problem behavior, and (3) examine whether a positive family context buffers youth against the effects of depression and risky peer networks on smoMng escalation. The sample will be comprised of 1400 youth, with over-sampling for smoking initiation. Questionnaire-based assessment of youth smoking, parenting practices and youth problem behavior and depressive symptoms will occur 6 times over 36 months. A sub-sample of 400 experimenting youth will also participate in an intensive sub-study of family relationship processes. Home-based observations of thmily discussions will be conducted twice between baseline and 24 months. In this sub-study, we will test whether parental open communication style and adolescent receptivity to family discussions about smoking reduce the risk of smoking escalation, and examine whether quality and content of family communications about smoking interact in predicting escalation. In the full sample, we will model the effects of (a) parental regulation of behavior as a function of youth problem behavior status and (b) test the buffering eft_cts era positive family context as a function of youth depressive symptoms and risky peer context, for youth at all levels of the smoking uptake continuum. Multi-level techniques will be used. Identifying individual differences in family influences on youth smoking will importantly inform targeted prevention and cessation efforts.