Childhood positive affect and anger as predictors of adolescent risky behavior

摘要 青少年参与危险行为，包括物质和烟草使用，早期性接触，以及 反社会行为，是一个重大的公共卫生问题。然而，解释青少年风险的机制-- 拿走的身份还没有确定。拟议的工作从发展的角度出发，将多个 分析水平，以确定青春期冒险的早期生物学和行为机制。 研究结果将通过确定早期目标机制和 发展切入点。众所周知，对奖励的敏感度与冒险行为有关，但 在奖励敏感性的情感成分中，积极情感(PA)和愤怒被忽视了。为 对奖励敏感的人自我调节PA和愤怒的能力可能是降低风险的关键 因为它允许青少年在奖励驱动的情况下做出理性的决定。此外， 考虑到自我调节的能力，纳入发展观点是下一步必不可少的 情感在童年早期就会发展起来。基于神经生物学模型，我们假设有 儿童亚组倾向于经历不同程度的PA和愤怒，并以不同的方式发展 降低这些倾向的监管能力；这反过来将影响未来冒险的可能性。目标 该提案的主要内容是：(1)考察儿童表情和行为的发展轨迹； PA和愤怒的生理调节作为青少年参与危险行为的预测因子； 确定儿童PA和PA的表达以及行为和生理调节的纵向分布 从2岁到5岁的青少年愤怒，并检查青少年参与危险行为的差异 已识别的档案；以及(3)检查幼儿档案之间的间接关联 PA、愤怒和青少年通过同伴拒绝参与危险行为的表达和调控 童年中期。拟议的工作将使用来自正轨项目的数据，这是一种多方法 儿童自我调节过程发展的纵向研究(N=447) 行为问题。现有的实验室评估将用于儿童PA的行为规范 在2、4和5岁时，行为和生理上的表达和调节。现有的实验室措施 2岁、4岁和5岁儿童的愤怒表达和调节能力将被利用。社交计量学提名 当孩子在五年级的时候，程序将被用来创建一种同伴拒绝的测量。多重 将考察15岁和17岁时的自我报告和家长报告中的冒险行为。

Abstract Adolescent engagement in risky behaviors, including substance and tobacco use, early sexual contact, and antisocial behaviors, is a significant public health concern. Yet, the mechanisms that explain adolescent risk- taking have not been identified. The proposed work takes a developmental perspective and integrates multiple levels of analysis to identify early childhood biological and behavioral mechanisms of adolescent risk-taking. The findings will inform preventive interventions on risk-taking by identifying early target mechanisms and developmental entry points. Reward sensitivity is known to be associated with risk-taking, but the importance of the emotional components of reward sensitivity, positive affect (PA) and anger, have been neglected. For reward-sensitive individuals the ability to self-regulate PA and anger is likely critical in lowering risk-taking because it allows adolescents to make rational decisions in reward-driven contexts. Moreover, the incorporation of a developmental perspective is an essential next step given that the ability to self-regulate emotion develops in early childhood. Based on neurobiological models, we hypothesize that there are subgroups of children inclined to experience varying levels of PA and anger and differentially develop regulatory abilities to lower these proclivities; this, in turn, will affect the likelihood of later risk-taking. The aims of the proposal are (1) to examine the developmental trajectories of children’s expression and behavioral and physiological regulation of PA and anger as predictors of adolescent engagement in risky behaviors; (2) to identify longitudinal profiles of children’s expression and behavioral and physiological regulation of PA and anger from 2 to 5 years of age, and examine differences in adolescent engagement in risky behaviors across the identified profiles; and (3) to examine the indirect association between profiles of early childhood expression and regulation of PA and anger and adolescent engagement in risky behaviors via peer rejection in middle childhood. The proposed work will employ data from the RIGHT Track project, a multi-method longitudinal study (N = 447) of the development of self-regulatory processes in children’s trajectories of behavior problems. Existing laboratory assessments will be used to behaviorally code for children’s PA expression and regulation, behaviorally and physiologically, at ages 2, 4, and 5. Existing laboratory measures of children’s expression and regulation of anger at ages 2, 4, and 5 will be utilized. A sociometric nomination procedure when the children were in the 5th grade will be used to create a measure of peer rejection. Multiple self- and parent report measures of risk-taking at ages 15 and 17 will be examined.