Biodegradable Polymeric Nanosphere Drug Delivery System For Cancer Chemotherapy

描述（由申请人提供）：该报告显示了癌症问题的重要性，该报告表明每年诊断出超过130万例癌症病例，并且在美国每年估计有570，280人死于癌症。据信，癌症是仅次于心血管疾病的美国人死亡原因。美国最常见的癌症是前列腺癌、乳腺癌、肺癌和结肠直肠癌。因此，癌症不存在性别歧视。这两个外在因素[例如，吸烟、化学品、药物、激素、辐射（例如电离辐射和紫外线）和感染（例如病毒感染）]和患者内在因素（例如，遗传性代谢突变、激素和免疫状况）被认为是癌症的重要引发剂。 多年来，人们一直在努力确定影响癌症成功治疗的因素：肿瘤负荷、肿瘤细胞异质性、耐药性、剂量强度和药物选择性差。此外，还进行了大量研究，以找到规避癌症治疗问题的方法和手段：将药物靶向递送至癌症，体内检测癌症生物标志物，离体检测癌症生物标志物，克服生物相的生物屏障（作用部位），抗癌药物递送系统的潜在靶点和靶向部分的鉴定，药物组合，以及开发高效的药物载体。有必要将所有这些努力结合起来。用于癌症治疗的多功能聚合物纳米球的开发是该应用的长期目标，可以使整合成为可能。纳米球的核心可以装载抗癌剂、显像剂和克服泵和非泵阻力的试剂;靶向部分和对生物标志物有反应的试剂可以标记到由聚（乙二醇）制成的外部涂层上。所有这些都将实现癌症的早期检测，并提供有效的杀死癌细胞。本申请中研究的目标是通过开发基于生物相容性和生物可降解聚乳酸的紫杉醇隐形纳米球来实现多功能纳米颗粒的能力。生物可降解和生物相容性的大分子单体的合成，紫杉醇负载的nanopsheres的制造和表征及其在BT-20人乳腺癌细胞系中的细胞摄取和细胞毒性的评价是该提案的重点。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The importance of the problem of cancer is shown by the report which indicates that more than 1.3 million cases of cancer are diagnosed annually and that cancer claims an estimated 570,280 lives in the United States each year. It is believed that cancer is second only to cardiovascular diseases as a cause of mortality among Americans. The most common cancers in United States are prostate, breast, lung and colorectal cancers. Thus cancer does not discriminate on the basis of gender. Both extrinsic factors [e.g., tobacco smoking, chemicals, drugs, hormones, radiations (such as ionizing radiations and ultraviolet light), and infections (such as viral infections)] and patient intrinsic factors (e.g., inherited metabolism mutations, hormones, and immune conditions) are believed to be important initiators of cancers. Frantic efforts have been made over the years to identify factors affecting successful treatment of cancer: tumor burden, tumor-cell heterogeneity, drug resistance, dose intensity, and poor selectivity of the drug. Moreover, a great deal of research has been carried out to find ways and means to circumvent the problems of cancer treatment: targeted delivery of drugs to cancer, in vivo detection of cancer biomarkers, detection of cancer biomarkers ex vivo, overcoming biological barriers to the biophase (site of action), identification of potential targets and targeting moieties for anti-cancer drug delivery systems, drug combination, and the development of efficient drug carriers. There is a need for the integration of all these efforts. The development of multifunctional polymeric nanospheres for cancer therapy, which is the long-term objective of this application, could make the integration possible. The core of the nanosphere can be loaded with anti-cancer agents, imaging agent, and agents to overcome pump and non-pump resistance; targeting moieties and agents responsive to biomarkers could be tagged to the external coating made of poly(ethylene glycol). All these will achieve early detection of cancer and provide effective killing of the cancer cells. The goal of the research in this application is to initiate efforts that will make it possible to achieve the capabilities of multifunctional nanoparticles by developing paclitaxel-loaded stealth nanospheres based on biocompatible and biodegradable poly(lactic acid). Synthesis of biodegradable and biocompatible macromonomers, fabrication and characterization of paclitaxel-loaded nanopsheres and their evaluation for cell uptake and cytotoxicity in the BT-20 human breast carcinoma cell line are the focus of this proposal.