Biodegradable Polymeric Nanosphere Drug Delivery System For Cancer Chemotherapy

描述（由申请人提供）：该报告显示了癌症问题的重要性，该报告表明，每年有超过130万例癌症被诊断出来，美国每年约有570,280人死于癌症。据信，癌症是美国人死亡的第二大原因，仅次于心血管疾病。在美国最常见的癌症是前列腺癌、乳腺癌、肺癌和结肠直肠癌。因此，癌症不存在性别歧视。外在因素[如吸烟、化学药品、药物、激素、辐射（如电离辐射和紫外线）和感染（如病毒感染）]和患者内在因素（如遗传代谢突变、激素和免疫状况）都被认为是癌症的重要启动因素。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The importance of the problem of cancer is shown by the report which indicates that more than 1.3 million cases of cancer are diagnosed annually and that cancer claims an estimated 570,280 lives in the United States each year. It is believed that cancer is second only to cardiovascular diseases as a cause of mortality among Americans. The most common cancers in United States are prostate, breast, lung and colorectal cancers. Thus cancer does not discriminate on the basis of gender. Both extrinsic factors [e.g., tobacco smoking, chemicals, drugs, hormones, radiations (such as ionizing radiations and ultraviolet light), and infections (such as viral infections)] and patient intrinsic factors (e.g., inherited metabolism mutations, hormones, and immune conditions) are believed to be important initiators of cancers. Frantic efforts have been made over the years to identify factors affecting successful treatment of cancer: tumor burden, tumor-cell heterogeneity, drug resistance, dose intensity, and poor selectivity of the drug. Moreover, a great deal of research has been carried out to find ways and means to circumvent the problems of cancer treatment: targeted delivery of drugs to cancer, in vivo detection of cancer biomarkers, detection of cancer biomarkers ex vivo, overcoming biological barriers to the biophase (site of action), identification of potential targets and targeting moieties for anti-cancer drug delivery systems, drug combination, and the development of efficient drug carriers. There is a need for the integration of all these efforts. The development of multifunctional polymeric nanospheres for cancer therapy, which is the long-term objective of this application, could make the integration possible. The core of the nanosphere can be loaded with anti-cancer agents, imaging agent, and agents to overcome pump and non-pump resistance; targeting moieties and agents responsive to biomarkers could be tagged to the external coating made of poly(ethylene glycol). All these will achieve early detection of cancer and provide effective killing of the cancer cells. The goal of the research in this application is to initiate efforts that will make it possible to achieve the capabilities of multifunctional nanoparticles by developing paclitaxel-loaded stealth nanospheres based on biocompatible and biodegradable poly(lactic acid). Synthesis of biodegradable and biocompatible macromonomers, fabrication and characterization of paclitaxel-loaded nanopsheres and their evaluation for cell uptake and cytotoxicity in the BT-20 human breast carcinoma cell line are the focus of this proposal.