The Long-Term Effects of Early Social-Emotional Experience

描述（由申请人提供）：我们提出两项研究，旨在评估在俄罗斯联邦圣彼得堡孤儿院长大的儿童早期社会情感体验和人际关系变化的长期发展影响。这些孤儿院在大多数护理标准上都是可以接受的，除了社会情感发展和照顾者与儿童关系的建立，这些被广泛认为是通常导致长期发展限制和精神健康问题的主要因果因素。与之前的研究相比，这些拟议的研究将能够更好地将长期结果归因于这些孩子早期的社会情感抚养环境。”研究1对在孤儿院长大的儿童进行了最大的随访，这些儿童只在社会情感环境方面存在缺陷，然后被收养到条件优越的美国家庭。养父母将回答一套全面的调查问卷，并与父母抚养的样本进行比较，被收养的美国孩子的经历部分控制。收养儿童的遗传和围产期特征，控制收养家庭环境的非收养兄弟姐妹，以及被收养儿童与任意选择的比较儿童的教师评分，以提供儿童在学校环境中的社会和学业行为的评估，并补充父母的评分。还将对被告的偏见进行检查。研究2是唯一一项对研究1中来自三家孤儿院的儿童进行跟踪调查的研究，这些孤儿院接受了旨在改善早期社会情感环境和促进成人与儿童关系的准实验干预。随后，孩子们要么被同样条件优越的美国家庭收养，要么被送回圣彼得堡条件较差的亲生父母那里。这些儿童将接受双重干预（护理人员培训加上孤儿院的结构变化），只接受培训，不接受治疗。父母们将接受同样的问卷调查，并将他们的回答与研究1中相同的对照组进行对比。这项研究测试了早期干预是否对后来在贫困家庭长大的孩子比在富裕家庭长大的孩子有更大的相对好处。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): We :propose-two studies aimed at assessing the long-term developmental effects of variations in early social- emotional experience and human relationships in children who are reared in orphanages in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation: These orphanages are acceptable on most standards of care except social-emotional development and caregiver-child relationship building, which are widely Relieved to be the major causal components that typically lead to long-term developmental limitations and mental health problems. These proposed studies, will be better able to attribute long-term outcomes to the early social-emotional rearing environment of these children than previous studies. ' Study 1 consists of the largest follow-up of children reared in orphanages that are deficient only with respect to their social-emotional environment who are then adopted into highly advantaged USA homes. Adoptive parents will respond to a comprehensive set of questionnaires, and responses compared to parent- reared samples, adopted American children that partially controls for the experience.of adoption and genetic and perinatal characteristics unique to adopted children, non-adopted siblings that control for the adoptive family environments, and teacher ratings of the adopted child versus an arbitrarily selected comparison child to provide an assessment of the social and academic behavior of children in the school context and to complement parental ratings. A check on respondent bias will also be made. Study 2 is the only study to follow up children from three of the same orphanages in Study 1 but who were exposed to quasi-experimental interventions designed to improve the early social-emotional environment and promote adult-child relationships. Children are subsequently either adopted into the same highly-advantaged USA homes or returned to their less-advantaged biological parents in St. Petersburg. These children will have been exposed to either a double intervention (caregiver training plus structural changes in the orphanage), training only, and no treatment. Parents will be assessed with the same questionnaire battery and their responses contrasted with the same comparison groups as Study 1. This study tests whether the early interventions have greater relative benefit for children subsequently reared in less- rather than more-advantaged families.