PRENATAL COCAINE AND NEUROBEHAVIORAL FACTORS UNDERLYING MOTHER-INFANT INTERACTION

可卡因的使用与虐待和忽视儿童的风险增加有关。Johns et在大鼠身上的研究 艾尔(1)研究表明，怀孕期间接触可卡因会降低母亲的行为，同时增强 攻击性，与催产素(OT)活性降低有关的影响，催产素(OT)是一种神经肽，已知能增强母体 行为和纽带。莱特等人。(2)研究表明，孕期接触可卡因的母亲倾向于 根据生理和自我报告，他们的孩子较少在家，有更大的压力和负面影响 测量，并显示怀抱婴儿前后的OT水平低于未服用任何物质的母亲 曝光。因此，我们假设：1.母体催产素活性降低，母体压力增加， 孕期的后果是负面影响，母婴互动越来越少，质量越来越差 可卡因；2.除了可卡因对母亲的影响外，这些结果可能与 婴儿的信号(哭声、社交互动中的行为)。目前的调查将审查这些 通过研究产后1个月的180对母婴双方的翻译神经行为模式，包括 75人产前接触可卡因，30人产前接触可卡因以外的药物，75人不接触可卡因 双子星。婴儿将接受核磁共振检查，以评估大脑结构的成熟程度。他们哭喊的声学分析 可能影响母体反应的特征将被执行。母亲们将经历24小时的 家庭监测他们的情绪、压力和抱孩子的频率，使用每年记录4次的日记数据 同时监测动态血压(BP)和心率(HR)。母体血浆催产素、加压素 还将评估(VP)、催乳素、应激激素和情绪评级，以及BP和HR变异性 在旨在引发母亲生物行为反应的多个实验室事件中：1.母婴面对面 互动(对母亲抚摸、共同调节/相互关系和情感质量的盲目评级进行录像)； 2.短暂的母婴分离(8分钟)，然后团聚；3.言语压力；4.倾听和评分 录音带记录婴儿哭声的频率和时间特征；5.查看婴儿在 安全和快乐与不快乐或危险的环境。对这些的正面和负面影响的母性评分 将对事件进行检查并与生理反应相关。在试点可行性部分，母亲和 还将获得婴儿唾液和尿液指标(OT、VP、α-淀粉酶和皮质醇)。这 研究将提供关于产前接触可卡因对母婴质量的影响的见解 影响母亲应激、情感和行为的关系和神经行为途径 可能会对母亲和孩子的健康和福祉产生深远的影响。

Use of cocaine has been linked to increased risk of child abuse and neglect. Research in rats by Johns et al. (1) has shown that cocaine exposure during pregnancy decreases maternal behavior while enhancing aggression, effects linked to decreased activity of oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide known to enhance maternal behavior and bonding. Light et al. (2) showed that mothers with prenatal exposure to cocaine tend to hold their babies less often at home, have greater stress and negative affect based on physiological and selfreport measures, and show lower OT levels before and after baby holding than mothers with no substance exposure. Thus, we hypothesize that: 1. decreased maternal OT activity, greater maternal stress and negative affect, and fewer and poorer quality mother-infant interactions are consequences of prenatal cocaine; 2. in addition to cocaine's effects on the mother, these outcomes may be related to differences in the infant's signals (cries, behavior during social interaction). The present investigation will examine these translational neurobehavioral patterns by studying 180 mother-infant dyads at 1 month postpartum, including 75 with prenatal cocaine exposure, 30 with prenatal drug exposure other than cocaine, and 75 non-exposed dyads. Infants will undergo MRI to assess maturation of brain structures. Acoustice analysis of their cry characteristics which might influence maternal response will be performed. Mothers will undergo 24-hour home monitoring of their mood, stress, and frequency of baby holding using diary data recorded 4 times per hour together with ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Maternal plasma OT, vasopressin (VP), prolactin, stress hormones and mood ratings, along with BP and HR variability, will also be assessed during multiple lab events designed to elicit maternal biobehavioral responses: 1. mother-infant face-to-face interaction (videotaped for blinded ratings of maternal touch, co-regulation /mutuality, and emotional quality); 2. brief (8 min) mother-infant separation followed by reunion; 3. a speech stressor; 4. listening to and rating tape-recorded infant cries that vary in frequency and temporal characteristics; 5. viewing photos of babies in safe and happy vs. unhappy or dangerous contexts. Maternal ratings of positive and negative affect to these events will be examined and related to physiological responses. In a pilot feasibility component, mother and infant salivary and urinary measures (OT, VP, alpha-amylase and cortisol) will also be obtained. This research will provide insights into the effect of prenatal exposure to cocaine on the quality of the motherinfant relationship and neurobehavioral pathways influencing maternal stress, affect and behavior, which may have profound implications for the health and well-being of both mother and child.