Multi-dimensional Soil Erosion and Associated Chemical Transport: Experiments, Mathematical Modelling and Field Evaluation

多维土壤侵蚀和相关化学物质输送：实验、数学建模和现场评估

• 批准号: NE/E005357/1
• 负责人: John Quinton
• 金额: $ 36.98万
• 依托单位: Lancaster University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2007 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FE005357%2F1
• 关键词: Multi; dimensional; Soil; Erosion; Associated

The EU Water Framework Directive includes specific requirements to control diffuse pollution and also places requirements on national governments to set water quality objectives based on good ecological status. The EU Habitats Directive and the UK government's Quality of Life indicators set targets for achieving favourable conditions on conservation sites, and the UK Biodiversity Action Plan aims to reverse and restore populations for key species and habitats. Given the pivotal role phosphorous, nitrate and sediment play in influencing water quality and biodiversity, and that agriculture is thought to be responsible for 50% of the inputs to surface waters, predicting the movement of these diffuse pollutants from land to water is becoming increasingly important. Eroded agricultural soil is carrier of pollutants such as pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers and microbes. The transport of eroded agricultural soil and associated pollutants from farmlands, results in the eutrophication of surface waters, damage to freshwater ecosystems and the microbial contamination of surface water sources. It is now also seen as a major pollutant source responsible for the reduction of water quality in UK beaches and coastal environments. Pollutants are either carried in dissolved form in the runoff water, or through attachment to the soil particles. Since pollutants bind preferentially to different sized soil particles, determining the pollutant loading to waterways requires predicting or calculating the sediment size distribution of the eroded sediment. We propose that this can be achieved by solving the multi-particle size class, multi-dimensional soil erosion model of Hairsine and Rose in conjunction with a transport equation for the dissolved pollutants. Validation and calibration of the model will be done through a hierachical programme, moving from well controlled laboratory experiments, to natural hillslopes and finally a small catchment. T each scale we will determine model performance both at the outlet and spatially. For the flume (1.5 m x 4 m) measured outflow data will include time varying particle size and pollutant distributions as a function of soil type, surface geometry, rainfall rate and initial soil moisture conditions. Addition high resolution spatial data will be obtained through the use of digital photogrammetry where local aspect and local slope measurements of the surface topography in the flume can be measured for comparison against predictions from the erosion model. At the hillslope scale we will link with the Defra funded Mitigation of Phosphorus and Sediment Project, using a supplementing data collection from 52 instrumented hillsides on three contrasting soil types. We will also utilise rare earth element oxides as tracers at this scale to determine where the sources of sediment are and compare this spatial data with our model predictions. At the catchment scale we will use existing rare earth catchment data obtained from Coschocton, Ohio to test the spatial predictions of the model. This research offers significant potential for achieving major advances in the physical understanding of the transfer of diffuse pollutants from soils to waters, providing scientific underpinning for the more applied research currently being funded by Defra and for the implementation of policy measures such as the Water framework directive and Catchment Sensitive Farming.

欧盟水框架指令包括控制扩散污染的具体要求，并要求各国政府根据良好的生态状况制定水质目标。《欧盟生物多样性指令》和英国政府的《生活质量指标》设定了在保护区实现有利条件的目标，《英国生物多样性行动计划》旨在扭转和恢复关键物种和栖息地的种群数量。考虑到磷、硝酸盐和沉积物在影响水质和生物多样性方面发挥的关键作用，以及农业被认为对地表沃茨的50%输入负责，预测这些扩散污染物从土地到水的移动变得越来越重要。农业土壤侵蚀是农药、除草剂、化肥、微生物等污染物的载体。侵蚀的农业土壤和来自农田的相关污染物的迁移导致地表沃茨的富营养化、淡水生态系统的破坏和地表水源的微生物污染。它现在也被视为英国海滩和沿海环境水质下降的主要污染源。污染物要么以溶解的形式进入径流，要么附着在土壤颗粒上。由于污染物优先与不同大小的土壤颗粒结合，因此确定水道的污染物负荷需要预测或计算侵蚀沉积物的沉积物粒度分布。我们建议，这可以实现通过解决多粒径类，多维土壤侵蚀模型的Hairsine和玫瑰结合溶解污染物的传输方程。该模型的验证和校准将通过一个分层方案进行，从控制良好的实验室实验，到自然山坡，最后是一个小流域。对于每个规模，我们将确定模型在出口和空间上的性能。对于水槽（1.5 m x 4 m），测得的流出数据将包括随时间变化的颗粒大小和污染物分布，这些数据是土壤类型、表面几何形状、降雨率和初始土壤湿度条件的函数。此外，还将通过使用数字摄影测量法获得高分辨率空间数据，其中可以测量水槽中表面地形的局部方面和局部坡度测量值，以与侵蚀模型的预测值进行比较。在山坡尺度上，我们将与Defra资助的磷和沉积物缓解项目联系起来，使用从三种对比土壤类型的52个仪器山坡收集的补充数据。我们还将利用稀土元素氧化物作为这种规模的示踪剂，以确定沉积物的来源，并将该空间数据与我们的模型预测进行比较。在流域尺度上，我们将使用现有的稀土流域数据从Coschocton，俄亥俄州来测试模型的空间预测。这项研究提供了实现重大进展的物理理解扩散污染物从土壤转移到沃茨的巨大潜力，提供科学的基础，目前正在由Defra资助的更多的应用研究和政策措施的实施，如水框架指令和集水敏感农业。

项目成果

Pumped rainfall simulators: the impact of rain pulses on sediment concentration and size

泵送降雨模拟器：降雨脉冲对沉积物浓度和尺寸的影响

• DOI: 10.1002/esp.1810
• 发表时间: 2009
• 期刊: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
• 影响因子: 3.3
• 作者: Armstrong A

Variability of interrill erosion at low slopes

• DOI: 10.1002/esp.2024
• 发表时间: 2011-01-01
• 期刊: EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS
• 影响因子: 3.3
• 作者: Armstrong, A.;Quinton, J. N.;Chandler, J. H.
• 通讯作者: Chandler, J. H.

Thermal enhancement of natural magnetism as a tool for tracing eroded soil

• DOI: 10.1002/esp.3312
• 发表时间: 2012-11
• 期刊: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
• 影响因子: 3.3
• 作者: A. Armstrong;J. Quinton;B. Maher

Processes controlling the development of a shielding layer on natural soil

• DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01416.x
• 发表时间: 2012-02
• 期刊: European Journal of Soil Science
• 影响因子: 4.2
• 作者: A. Armstrong;J. Quinton;B. Heng;G. Sander

Applying close range digital photogrammetry in soil erosion studies

• DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-9730.2010.00584.x
• 发表时间: 2010-09-01
• 期刊: PHOTOGRAMMETRIC RECORD
• 影响因子: 2.4
• 作者: Heng, B. C. Peter;Chandler, Jim H.;Armstrong, Alona
• 通讯作者: Armstrong, Alona