权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

COMPLIANT INTERACTIONS AND LIMB MECHANICS DURING ARBOREAL LOCOMOTION IN TROPICAL FOREST ENVIRONMENTS

热带森林环境中树栖运动期间的顺应相互作用和肢体力学

基本信息

批准号：
NE/F003307/1
负责人：
Susannah Thorpe
金额：
$ 41.92万
依托单位：
University of Birmingham
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2008
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2008 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FF003307%2F1
关键词：
COMPLIANT INTERACTIONS LIMB MECHANICS DURING

项目摘要

Sumatran orangutans are the largest mammal to live an exclusively arboreal lifestyle and yet they habitually navigate the slender, peripheral branches of trees - the terminal branch niche - where the majority of tasty fruits and the narrowest gaps between tree crowns are situated. Theoretically they should access these slender branches either by suspending underneath them or walking on all fours on top with highly flexed joints to reduce branch vibrations. But contrary to these predictions we have shown that orangutans actually walk bipedally (that is, like humans) on the very smallest flexible branches, using their long prehensile toes to grip multiple supports and increase stability, while freeing one or both hands to reach fruits or other branches for gap crossing. Interestingly and unlike all other monkeys and apes tested to date (including chimpanzees and gorillas), orangutans maintain very straight legs when they walk bipedally in the trees. The benefits of this are unclear, but are important for 3 key reasons. Firstly, orangutans are an important model for the locomotor ecology of arboreal animals and the relationship between large body mass and the terminal branch niche. Secondly, arboreal bipedalism is increasingly thought to have been a fundamental component of the locomotor repertoire of the common ancestor of all apes and elucidating its ecology and mechanics will aid interpretation of the Miocene fossil record and the evolution of locomotor diversity in the living apes. Finally, increasing evidence suggests that the origins of human terrestrial bipedality lie in locomotion in an arboreal rather than terrestrial setting and studying the locomotor ecology and mechanics of arboreal bipedalism may shed light on the formative stages of the evolution of our own bipedality. The suggestion that bipedality evolved in the trees and has been present to some extent since the split from the old world monkeys is key to the distinction between the human and chimpanzee fossil record, since adaptations for bipedality have traditionally been taken to define human ancestors from those of the other African apes. In this proposal we combine studies of wild orangutans with those of zoo orangutans and humans to quantify the mechanics of arboreal bipedality, and crucially, how these change in accordance with changes in the mechanics of the branches, since branches taper and become more flexible towards the ends. It is possible that the straight legged postures might enable either transfer of energy between joints; or the transfer of energy from the flexible branches to the orangutan, in the same way as human athletes recover energy when running on springy running tracks. To study these we will use a relatively new technique in gait analysis, ultrasound, to record the behaviour of the muscles and tendons during locomotion in humans and orangutans. When merged with data on muscle activity and mechanics this will allow us to obtain a complete picture of internal and external energy storage and transfer during arboreal bipedality. We will also complement these data with computer modeling to mimic energy transfer from branches and between joints in situations that are not possible or practical to test experimentally.

苏门答腊猩猩是最大的哺乳动物，生活在一个完全的树栖生活方式，但他们习惯于导航细长，外围树枝的树木-终端分支生态位-那里的大多数美味的水果和树冠之间的最西边的差距所在。从理论上讲，他们应该通过悬挂在这些细长的树枝下面或在高度弯曲的关节上四肢行走来减少分支振动。但与这些预测相反，我们已经表明，猩猩实际上是在最小的柔性树枝上行走的（也就是说，像人类一样），用它们长长的脚趾抓住多个支撑物并增加稳定性，同时腾出一只或两只手来够水果或其他树枝以进行间隙交叉。有趣的是，与迄今为止测试的所有其他猴子和猿（包括黑猩猩和大猩猩）不同，猩猩在树上两足行走时保持非常直的腿。这样做的好处尚不清楚，但有三个重要原因。首先，猩猩是研究树栖动物运动生态学的重要模式动物，也是研究大体重与终分支生态位关系的重要模式动物。其次，树栖两足动物越来越多地被认为是所有猿类共同祖先运动技能的基本组成部分，阐明其生态学和力学将有助于解释中新世化石记录和现生猿类运动多样性的演变。最后，越来越多的证据表明，人类陆地两足动物的起源在于运动在一个树而不是陆地设置和研究的运动生态学和力学的树两足动物可能揭示了我们自己的两足动物的进化的形成阶段。两足动物是在树上进化出来的，并且自从从旧大陆的猴子中分离出来后就在一定程度上存在了，这一点是区分人类和黑猩猩化石记录的关键，因为传统上人们认为人类的祖先与其他非洲猿类的祖先不同，是因为人类对两足动物的适应性。在这个建议中，我们结合联合收割机的野生猩猩与动物园猩猩和人类的研究，量化力学的树栖两足动物，以及至关重要的是，如何改变根据力学的分支机构的变化，因为分支机构逐渐变细，变得更加灵活的两端。直腿姿势可能会使能量在关节之间转移;或者将能量从灵活的树枝转移到猩猩身上，就像人类运动员在弹性跑道上跑步时恢复能量一样。为了研究这些，我们将使用一种相对较新的步态分析技术，超声波，来记录人类和猩猩运动过程中肌肉和肌腱的行为。当与肌肉活动和力学数据相结合时，这将使我们能够获得树栖两足动物内部和外部能量储存和转移的完整图像。我们还将用计算机建模来补充这些数据，以模拟在实验上不可能或不切实际的情况下从分支和关节之间的能量转移。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（10）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Practice makes perfect: Performance optimisation in 'arboreal' parkour athletes illuminates the evolutionary ecology of great ape anatomy.

熟能生巧：“树栖”跑酷运动员的表现优化阐明了类人猿解剖学的进化生态学。

DOI：
10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.11.005
发表时间：
2017
期刊：
Journal of human evolution
影响因子：
3.2
作者：
Halsey LG
通讯作者：
Halsey LG

The Ontogeny of Gap Crossing Behaviour in Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii).

DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0130291
发表时间：
2015
期刊：
PloS one
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Chappell J;Phillips AC;van Noordwijk MA;Mitra Setia T;Thorpe SK
通讯作者：
Thorpe SK

Bridging the gap: parkour athletes provide new insights into locomotion energetics of arboreal apes

缩小差距：跑酷运动员为树栖类人猿的运动能量学提供新见解

DOI：
10.1098/rsbl.2016.0608
发表时间：
2016
期刊：
Biology Letters
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Halsey L
通讯作者：
Halsey L

The International Encyclopedia of Primatology

国际灵长类动物百科全书

DOI：
10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0074
发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
0
作者：
Saunders E
通讯作者：
Saunders E

Human bipedal instability in tree canopy environments is reduced by "light touch" fingertip support.

DOI：
10.1038/s41598-017-01265-7
发表时间：
2017-04-25
期刊：
Scientific reports
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
Johannsen L;Coward SRL;Martin GR;Wing AM;Casteren AV;Sellers WI;Ennos AR;Crompton RH;Thorpe SKS
通讯作者：
Thorpe SKS