MIDLIFE COGNITION-BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MECHANISM

在整个生命周期中维持有效的认知功能是个人独立运作能力的重要组成部分，在经济紧张时期可能发挥更大的作用。在这个项目中，我们将管理一个电话电池，以检查认知在一个不同的国家样本的关键领域，包括情景记忆，工作记忆广度，执行功能，推理，速度和注意力转换。我们将增加一个新的复习样本，以增加美国中年（MIDUS）研究样本，其中包括2100名新参与者，年龄在25-54岁之间，以及来自密尔沃基的500名非洲裔美国人。 在目标1中，我们将通过将新样本与MIDUS II样本进行比较来研究经济衰退和社会经济地位的影响。我们将整合整个项目的五个项目的数据，以研究认知表现与经济衰退前后评估的各种生物心理社会变量之间的关系。我们将研究有效的认知功能是否可以作为面对压力生活经历（如经济逆境）的弹性资源。那些认知能力较高的人预计会表现出更好的情绪调节能力， 应激反应在目标2中，我们将收集MIDUS II评估后9-10年MIDUS III认知测量的纵向数据。我们的目标是确定那些对良好的心理能力起保护作用的因素，以及那些作为认知能力差的风险因素的因素。我们预测，累积优势（包括高等教育，良好的身心健康状况，适应性健康行为，如身体和认知活动，低压力反应，以及强烈的掌握感和控制感）将与认知的维持相关，并将作为一种保护性缓冲，防止中年和晚年表现不佳和衰退。我们将研究可改变的心理社会和行为因素（例如，社会参与，支持），可以缓和和调解社会人口因素（SES）的影响，并强调认知能力下降，目标是确定那些风险最大的人，并收集证据，以设计适当的干预措施。

The maintenance of effective cognitive functioning across the lifespan is a crucial component of an individual's ability to function independently, and may play an even greater role during stressful economic times. In this project we will administer a telephone battery to examine cognition in a diverse national sample on key domains, including episodic memory, working memory span, executive function, reasoning, speed, and attention switching. We will add a new Refresher sample to augment the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study sample with 2100 new participants, ages 25-54, and 500 African Americans from Milwaukee. In Aim 1 we will examine the effects of the economic recession and socioeconomic status by comparing the new sample with the MIDUS II sample. We will integrate data across the five projects of the overall program to examine the relationship between cognitive performance and a wide variety of biopsychosocial variables assessed before and after the economic recession. We will examine whether effective cognitive functioning serves as a resource for resilience in the face of stressful life experiences, such as economic adversity. Those with higher levels of cognitive abilities are expected to show better emotion regulation and less reactivity to stress. In Aim 2 we will collect longitudinal data on the cognitive measures for MIDUS III, 9-10 years after the MIDUS II assesment. Our goal is to determine factors that serve a protective role for good mental abilities, as well as those factors that serve as risk factors for poor cognitive performance. We predict that cumulative advantage (including advanced education, good physical and mental health status, adaptive health behaviors such as physical and cognitive activity, low stress reactivity, and a strong sense of mastery and control) will be associated with maintenance of cognition, and will serve as a protective buffer against poor performance and decline in middle-age and later life. We will examine modifiable psychosocial and behavioral factors (e.g., social engagement, support) that may moderate and mediate the effects of sociodemographic factors (SES) and stress on cognitive declines, with the goals of identifying those at greatest risk and gathering evidence to design appropriate interventions.