Error Detection and Error Awareness in Incarcerated Cocaine Dependent Individuals

描述（由申请人提供）：现实世界的经验和临床研究表明，药物滥用者将继续使用药物，尽管对身体和社会福祉反复产生不良后果。这表明滥用的特征可能是抑制功能失调的行为模式的能力降低，尽管有明显的证据表明它们适应不良（Paulus等人，2002年）。事实上，越来越多的行为、认知、电生理和神经成像研究表明，可卡因滥用者对内部和外部产生的错误信号表现出核心不敏感。这种不敏感性可能会降低指导适应性行为调节的能力，并可能促进对功能失调行为模式的持续性增加，包括重复吸毒行为和共病犯罪。然而，尽管有越来越多的工作，这些错误监控缺陷的性质在很大程度上仍然没有区别。错误监控至少由两个潜在的独立过程组成：一个是自动错误检测系统，用于监控目标导向行为中的错误，另一个是与错误的意识表征相关的自动化程度较低的系统。在物质依赖人群中评价错误监测的大部分工作都集中在错误检测上，并报告了一致的损害。然而，目前对可卡因滥用者主观错误意识的状态了解甚少，这就排除了关于这些错误监测缺陷的基本性质的确切结论。电生理学和血液动力学方法的最新发展，现在提供了系统的隔离和评价指标的自动错误检测和有意识的错误意识，分别。目前的建议旨在建立这些进步，收集电生理（EEG）和功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）数据内的可卡因滥用者（和匹配的控制）的样本，以表征其自动和有意识的组件错误监测，分别神经回路的完整性。心理研究网络获得了一台最先进的移动的磁共振成像扫描仪，部署到各种男性和女性教养设施，其中的流行病学数据表明，超过65%的囚犯患有严重的药物滥用问题。这种移动的MRI系统的部署，从而提供了前所未有的访问严重的可卡因滥用者与共病外化特征的人口。通过这种访问，我们建议收集138名被监禁的参与者的多模态（EEG/fMRI）数据，分为两组：那些谁做（n = 69）和D不（n = 69）符合可卡因滥用的标准。参与者将执行一个时间估计任务，这将提供一个仔细控制的评价的完整性的自动和自觉的组件的错误监测可卡因滥用的个人。此外，我们计划随访我们的可卡因滥用参与者在1年监禁后，以评估在何种程度上错误监测的完整性预测未来的禁欲和复发率。通过该项目获得的数据将作为对严重可卡因滥用者样本中的错误监测异常情况的最全面调查。The Mind Research Network的最终使命是为严重的心理和精神障碍开发新的治疗方案，我们小组设想从这项研究中收集的数据是朝着未来工作的重要一步，重点是潜在的治疗和治疗应用。 公共卫生相关性：吸毒的长期性和重复性表明，药物滥用者可能难以识别和学习他们不适应的行为模式。这些学习缺陷可能是由于自动检测和/或有意识地意识到目标导向行为中的错误而出现的，并可能导致继续使用药物。本研究将收集电生理（EEG）和功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）数据，从一个大样本的监禁可卡因滥用者，以更好地描述他们的错误监测赤字，并调查在何种程度上，这种赤字预测未来的戒断率和复发率。这项工作的结果将有助于划定认知和神经认知缺陷的物质滥用的基础，并可能作为未来的治疗方案，针对这些认知缺陷的网关。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Real-world experience and clinical research converge in demonstrating that substance-abusers will continue to use drugs despite repeated adverse outcomes on physical and social well-being. This suggests that a characteristic of abuse may be a reduced ability to inhibit dysfunctional action patterns despite clear evidence of their maladaptivity (Paulus et al., 2002). Indeed, a growing body of behavioral, cognitive, electrophysiological and neuroimaging work suggests that cocaine abusers evidence core insensitivity to internally- and externally-generated signals of error. This insensitivity may reduce the ability to guide adaptive behavioral regulation, and may promote increased perseveration on dysfunctional action patterns, including repetitive drug-taking behavior and comorbid criminality. Despite this growing body of work, the nature of these error-monitoring deficits remains largely undifferentiated, however. Error-monitoring is composed of at least two potentially independent processes: an automatic error detection system that monitors for errors in goal-directed behavior and a less automatic system related to the conscious representation of that error. The majority of work evaluating error-monitoring in substance-dependent populations has focused on error-detection, and has reported consistent impairment. Little is currently understood regarding the state of subjective error-awareness in cocaine abusers, however, which precludes firm conclusions regarding the underlying nature of these error-monitoring deficits. Recent developments in electrophysiological and hemodynamic methods now afford the systematic isolation and evaluation of indices of automatic error-detection and conscious error-awareness, respectively. The present proposal seeks to build off these advances by collecting electrophysiological (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data within a sample of cocaine abusers (and matched controls), to characterize the integrity of neural circuits underlying their automatic and conscious components of error monitoring, respectively. The Mind Research Network has acquired a state-of-the-art mobile MRI scanner, deployed to various male and female correctional facilities, where epidimiological data indicates that over 65% of inmates suffer from serious substance abuse issues. The deployment of this mobile MRI system thus provides unprecedented access to a population of serious cocaine abusers with comorbid externalizing characteristics. With this access, we propose to collect multimodal (EEG/fMRI) data on 138 incarcerated participants, stratified into two groups: those who do (n = 69) and d not (n = 69) meet criteria for cocaine abuse. Participants will perform a time-estimation task that will afford a carefully controlled evaluation of the integrity of both automatic and concious components of error-monitoring within cocaine abusing individuals. In addition, we plan to follow-up our cocaine abusing participants at 1-year post-incarceration, to evaluate the extent to which error-monitoring integrity predicts future abstinence and relapse rates. The data obtained through this project will serve as the most comprehensive investigation of error monitoring abnormalities within a sample of serious cocaine abusers. The ultimate mission of The Mind Research Network is the development of novel treatment programs for serious psychological and mental disorders, and our group envisions the data collected fom this research as an important step towards future work focused on potential therepeutic and treatment applications. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The chronic and repetative nature of drug-taking suggests that substance abusers may have difficulty identifying, and learning from, their maladaptive behavioral patterns. These learning deficits may arise through impairment in the automatic detection of, and/or the conscious awareness of, errors in goal-directed behavior, and may lead to continued drug use. The present study will collect electrophysiological (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from a large sample of incarcerated cocaine abusers, to better characterize their error-monitoring deficits, and to investigate the extent to which such deficits predict future abstinence and relapse rates. The results of this work will aid delineation of cognitive and neurocognitive deficiencies underlying substance abuse, and may serve as a gateway for future treatment options that target these cognitive deficiencies.