Development of Face Processing Expertise

人脸处理技术的发展

• 批准号: 8289324
• 负责人: Kang Lee
• 金额: $ 35.2万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2004
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2004-06-07 至 2013-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8289324
• 关键词: Adolescence; Adult; Affect; Age; Animals; Autistic Disorder; Birth; Categories; Caucasians; Caucasoid Race; Characteristics; Child; Childhood; Chinese People; Clinical Research; Clinical assessments; Country; Development; Diagnosis; Domestic Animals; Environment; Ethnic Origin; Evidence based intervention; Exposure to; Face; Face Processing; Female; Gender; Goals; Grant; Human; Individual; Infant; International; Literature; Measures; Methodology; Methods; Parenting behavior; Participant; Perception; Persons; Phonetics; Prejudice; Process; Property; Race; Research; Research Personnel; Research Project Grants; Role; Sampling; Series; Shapes; Socialization; Staging; Stereotyping; Stimulus; Testing; Time; Training; United States National Institutes of Health; Visual system structure; Williams Syndrome; age group; aged; base; developmental disease; developmental prosopagnosia; experience; infancy; intervention program; male; nervous system disorder; programs; public health relevance; social; theories; tool

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): We propose a set of developmental studies of face expertise acquisition from infancy to adolescence. An international team of researchers will advance significantly our on-going research program (R01 HD046526: 2004-2010) to investigate how children's face expertise acquisition is tuned by experience in their unique environments. We will use two research strategies to establish linkages between experiences and face expertise acquisition. First, we will sample infants and children from several countries to capitalize on their naturally occurring experiential differences with faces of different races, genders, ages, and species. Second, we use a training paradigm to experimentally induce different experiences with faces of various categories to infants and children. In contrast to traditional face processing studies that employ static face exemplars, we will test participants with the more naturalistic dynamic facial stimuli. This method should provide a sensitive measure of infants' and children's ability to extract characteristic properties of the face such as its race, gender, age, species, and identity. We will concurrently examine children's recognition and categorization of faces of different races, genders, ages, and species. We will test a general hypothesis that while the human visual system may favor face-like stimuli at birth, much of our face processing ability is acquired through experience with thousands of faces during development. Different degrees of exposure to various categories of faces (race, gender, age, and species) impact on our face expertise acquisition in systematically different ways: With increased experience with one type of face category (e.g., female faces) over another (e.g., male faces), children become better at recognizing the individual faces of the more experienced category (e.g., recognizing individual female faces better than male ones) but better at categorizing the less experienced faces (e.g., categorizing male faces as "male" better than female faces as "female"). This research program will provide much needed information to form a comprehensive picture of the development of face processing abilities and to delineate the role of experience in the formation of face expertise. Our research should facilitate the development of a general theory of face processing in children and adults. The methods we refine for this project can be of use for clinical studies and assessments that involve children with atypical trajectories in the development of face processing including cases of autism and developmental prosopagnosia. Our findings may also provide information about the origin of social biases such as race-, gender-, and age-stereotypes and prejudices, and methods to reduce them. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This research program investigates how typically developing infants and children acquire the ability to classify faces into different categories according to their gender, race, age, and species and the ability to recognize individual faces from within these categories. The results from this research will provide the normative bench mark against which we can evaluate the face processing abilities of children with various developmental and neurological disorders (e.g., autism, William's syndrome, developmental prosopagnosia). The methodologies developed from the program of research will enable clinicians to develop appropriate assessment tools to identify and diagnose infants and children with potential face processing problems. Further, the training method we will test in the present proposed program of research will also allow for the development of evidence-based intervention programs to treat face processing deficits in childhood. Finally, our findings may also provide information about the origin of social biases such as race-, gender-, and age-stereotypes and prejudices, and methods to reduce them.

描述（由申请人提供）：我们提出了一套从婴儿期到青春期的面部专业知识获取的发展研究。一个国际研究小组将大大推进我们正在进行的研究计划（R 01 HD 046526：2004-2010），以调查儿童的面部专业知识的获取是如何通过在他们独特的环境中的经验来调整的。我们将使用两种研究策略来建立经验和面部专业知识获取之间的联系。首先，我们将从几个国家的婴儿和儿童中抽取样本，利用他们对不同种族、性别、年龄和物种的面孔自然产生的经验差异。其次，我们使用一个训练范式，实验性地诱导婴儿和儿童对不同类别面孔的不同体验。与传统的面部处理研究，采用静态的面孔样本，我们将测试参与者更自然的动态面部刺激。这种方法应该提供婴儿和儿童提取面部特征属性（如种族、性别、年龄、物种和身份）的能力的灵敏测量。我们将同时考察儿童对不同种族、性别、年龄和物种的面孔的识别和分类。我们将测试一个普遍的假设，即虽然人类视觉系统可能在出生时就喜欢类似面孔的刺激，但我们的大部分面部处理能力是通过在发育过程中对数千张面孔的经验获得的。不同程度的接触各种类别的面孔（种族，性别，年龄和物种）以系统性的不同方式影响我们的面孔专业知识获取：随着对一种类型的面孔类别（例如，女性面部）在另一个（例如，男性面孔），儿童变得更善于识别更有经验类别的个体面孔（例如，比男性面部更好地识别个体女性面部）但是更好地对经验较少的面部进行分类（例如，将男性面部分类为“男性”比将女性面部分类为“女性”更好）。这项研究计划将提供急需的信息，形成一个全面的图片的发展，面孔处理能力和描绘的作用，经验的形成面孔专业知识。我们的研究应该促进儿童和成人面孔加工的一般理论的发展。我们为这个项目改进的方法可以用于临床研究和评估，涉及儿童与非典型轨迹的发展，包括自闭症和发展性面容失认症的情况下，面对处理。我们的研究结果还可以提供有关种族，性别和年龄刻板印象和偏见等社会偏见起源的信息，以及减少这些偏见的方法。 公共卫生相关性：该研究计划调查了通常发育中的婴儿和儿童如何获得根据性别，种族，年龄和物种将面孔分类为不同类别的能力，以及从这些类别中识别个人面孔的能力。这项研究的结果将提供一个标准的基准，我们可以据此评估患有各种发育和神经系统疾病的儿童的面部处理能力（例如，自闭症、威廉综合征、发育性面容失认症）。从研究计划中开发的方法将使临床医生能够开发适当的评估工具，以识别和诊断具有潜在面部处理问题的婴儿和儿童。此外，我们将在目前提出的研究计划中测试的训练方法也将允许开发基于证据的干预计划，以治疗儿童时期的面部处理缺陷。最后，我们的研究结果还可以提供有关种族，性别和年龄刻板印象和偏见等社会偏见起源的信息，以及减少这些偏见的方法。