Strengthening Supports for Healthy Relationships: A Gender-Sensitive, Mixed Metho

描述（由申请人提供）：亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）是美国一个重要的公共卫生问题，在青年关系行为中具有发展根源。在密歇根州的韦恩县，青少年IPV率估计为14%，尽管这一估计被认为是保守的（青年行为监测，1997年）。鉴于问题的严重性，重要的是要了解可能有效预防犯罪的可改变的保护因素，包括社会参与，规范认知，父母监督和自我控制，以及这些因素与风险因素的关系，包括社区暴力和集中劣势，童年创伤和早期接触色情制品。地理上位于城市环境中的青少年更容易遭受各种形式的暴力或其他创伤事件，但很少有研究充分探讨社区背景和IPV之间的关系。研究的目的是通过强调社区、学校和家庭层面的IPV、风险和保护因素以及对暴力的背景和认识之间的纵向关系，为知识基础和预防领域做出贡献。还将特别关注技术在各种形式的IPV中的作用，以及在IPV的机制、意义和背景方面的相似性和差异方面对性别问题有敏感认识的透镜。该研究的中心假设是，社区、学校和家庭中的可改变因素可以影响和缓和青少年生活中存在的风险因素，缓冲这些影响，以减少IPV的发生。我们预计，社会参与和联系以及影响规范性认知的方法将缓和创伤性生活事件和暴露的影响。使用大规模的纵向混合方法设计，拟议的研究旨在解开IPV犯罪，社区背景，学校环境，同伴和家庭的影响之间的关系。韦恩县的六个学区将参加为期三年的拟议研究，包括三波调查研究、焦点小组和政策分析。在每个学区内，将有一所高中和至少一所中学参加研究，这些学校按暴力程度和集中的不利因素分层。学校将获得参与的金钱奖励。还将向参与学校提供有关预防方案编制和政策制定的广泛培训和能力建设。初中和高中的学生谁提供家长同意和青年同意将在三年中的每一年进行调查，分别从六年级和十年级开始。期望的样本量为1240，以考虑到不可避免的磨损，并为复杂的因素相互关系分析提供足够的把握度。将从这一样本中招募青年及其父母参加不同的重点小组，以便更深入地了解调查研究和书面政策分析的结果。在调查管理之后，学生的住所将在人口普查区块组一级进行地理编码，并将构建一个大型数据集，将调查数据与可获得的犯罪数据、人口普查信息和学校特征合并。在研究过程的每个阶段，将采取广泛措施为参与者保密。在每一波数据收集结束时，将在研究小组和学校之间的合作努力中进行数据共享和数据解释援助，以便建立初级预防的基础设施。为了检验提出的假设，将使用分层线性模型和结构方程模型进行分析。一个嵌套的模型结构，适当地分析了研究变量的层次性质，将被用来估计个人，关系，学校和社区层面的风险和保护因素IPV犯罪的影响。 公共卫生相关性：拟议的研究是围绕个人，关系，学校，社区和社会层面的因素产生知识，这些因素可能会防止亲密伴侣暴力（IPV），并探讨性别，技术和不断变化的关系规范在虐待行为病因中的作用。拟议的混合方法研究是理论驱动的，并纳入了一个科学的研究设计，解决了IPV的患病率和发病率在青少年男性和女性的代表性样本，以及不同的年龄，种族/民族和社会阶层。关于暴力，自我控制和暴露于社区暴力和其他形式的创伤，所有在技术使用和滥用的背景下规范认知的探索将为我们提供一个基础，告知在制定基于证据的预防协议领域的持续研究和实践亲密伴侣暴力。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health concern in the United States, having developmental roots in youth relationship behaviors. Within Wayne County, Michigan, rates of IPV among youth are estimated at 14%, although this estimate is believed to be conservative (Youth Behavior Surveillance, 1997). Given the gravity of the problem, it is important to understand the modifiable protective factors that may be efficacious in prevention perpetration, including social engagement, normative cognitions, parental supervision, and self-control, and how these relate to risk factors including community violence and concentrated disadvantage, childhood trauma, and early exposure to pornography. Adolescents geographically located in an urban environment are at heightened risk for exposure to various forms of violence or other traumatic events, yet there is little research that adequatel examines the relation between community context and IPV. The aim of the research is to contribute to the knowledge base and prevention field by underscoring the longitudinal relationships between IPV, risk and protective factors at the community, school, and family levels, and context and cognitions about violence. Specific attention will also be provided to the role of technology in the various forms of IPV, as well as a gender sensitive lens regarding the similarities and difference in the mechanism, meaning and context of IPV. The central hypothesis of the study is that modifiable factors within the community, school, and family can impact and moderate the risk factors that exist within the lives of youth, buffering these impacts to decrease IPV perpetration. We expect that social engagement and connections and approaches to influence normative cognitions will moderate the impacts of traumatic life events and exposures. Using a large-scale longitudinal mixed-methods design, the proposed study seeks to disentangle the relationship between IPV perpetration, community context, school environment, and peer and family influences. Six school districts in Wayne County will participate in the proposed study over a three-year period, including three waves of survey research, focus groups, and policy analysis. Within each school district, one high school and at least one middle school, stratified by level of violence and concentrated disadvantage, will participate in the research. Schools will receive a monetary incentive for participation. Participating schools will also be provided with extensive training and capacity building regarding prevention programming and policy development. Students from the middle and high schools who provide parental consent and youth assent will be surveyed in each of the three years, starting with the sixth and tenth grade years respectively. A desired sample size of 1240 is desired to allow for unavoidable attrition and in order to have adequate power for complex analysis of the interrelationships of factors. From this sample, youth and their parents will be recruited to participate in separate focus groups to provide greater depth of understanding the results of the survey research and written policy analysis. Following the survey administration, students' residences will be geocoded at the census block group level and a large dataset will be constructed that will merge survey data with publically available crime data, census information, and school characteristics. At each stage of the research process, extensive measures will be taken to preserve the confidentiality of participants. At the end of each wave of data collection, data sharing and assistance with data interpretation will take place in a collaborative effort between the research team and schools in order to build infrastructure for primary prevention. In order to test the proposed hypotheses, analysis will be conducted using hierarchical linear modeling and structural equation modeling. A nested model structure that appropriately analyzes the hierarchical nature of the study variables will be used to estimate the effects of individual, relational, school, and community-level risk and protective factors for IPV perpetration. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The proposed research is to generate knowledge surrounding the factors at the individual, relational, school, community, and societal levels that may prevent intimate partner violence (IPV) and explore the roles of gender, technology, and changing norms of relationships in the etiology of abusive behavior. The proposed mixed methods study is theoretically driven and incorporates a scientific research design that addresses the prevalence and incidence of IPV in representative samples of adolescent males and females, as well as diverse ages, races/ethnicities, and social classes. The exploration of normative cognitions about violence, self control, and exposure to community violence and other forms of trauma, all in the context of technological use and misuse will provide us a foundation that informs continued research and practice in the area of developing evidence-based prevention protocols for intimate partner violence.