SEX DIFFERENCE IN HEALTH AND SURVIVAL IN STREPSIRRHINE PRIMATES

项目6：链鼻目灵长类动物健康和生存的性别差异 这个项目将阐明人类男性面临生存矛盾的潜在机制。 尽管健康状况似乎更好，特别是在老年时，但终生都处于不利地位。拿走 链鼻目灵长类动物的一些独特特征的优势，几种基于进化的 我们将对假设进行评估。第一项研究是量化“高风险男性”的生存后果 通过将每年的存活率分解为感兴趣的行为发生的时间段来研究行为。特定性别 野生小白鼠和中间小白鼠的生存估计将通过以下方式获得 捕获-标记-重新捕获数据的统计建模。在目标2中，假设将得到检验，而 男性在(身体)机能上优于女性，女性保持更高的免疫能力。评估 这一想法，特定性别的功能和免疫能力的轨迹将被构建为几个 这两种健康成分的成分使用了来自大型圈养小鼠群体的动物。 此外，还将分析几种链鼻鱼在健康状况和死因方面的性别差异。 利用杜克狐猴中心的病史数据库进行的回溯性研究。在第三节 目的通过比较不同年龄段健康状况的性别差异指标，评价不同年龄段健康状况的性别差异。 生殖(高类固醇水平)和非生殖(低类固醇水平)季节的健康。对这件事 最后，将测量圈养的M。 将对两个野生种群中的鼠类寄生虫和特定性别/季节的寄生虫载量进行量化。在《目标4》中我们将 (由于免疫系统更活跃)女性的自由基水平更高，这一假设得到了验证 与男性相比，它不仅具有更高的抗氧化能力，而且还具有更强的抗氧化能力。在一项纵向研究中，我们将监测 氧化应激水平(活性氧代谢物和抗氧化剂水平)和氧化蛋白质损伤 在雄性和雌性小鼠的衰老过程中。 相关性(请参阅说明)： 拟议的研究将促进链鼻目灵长类动物的发育，特别是灰鼠。 狐猴(M.Murinus)作为非人类灵长类动物的衰老模型，并将其领域扩展到 关于特定性别的健康和老龄化的问题。归根结底，了解一些邻近因素 在生存和健康方面的性别差异背后将有助于更多地解决针对性别的健康问题 并在特定情况下预测生存和健康方面的性别差异。

Project 6: Sex Differences in Health and Suvival in Strepsirrhine Primates This project will elucidate potential mechanisms underlying the paradox that human males face a survival disadvantage throughout life, despite a seemingly better state of health, especially at old ages. Taking advantage of some of the unique characteristics of Strepsirrhine primates, severalevolution-based hypotheses will be evaluated. The first researchaim is to quantifythe survival consequences of 'risky male behaviors' by dissecting annual survival into time periods when the behaviors of interest occur. Sex-specific survival estimates for wild populations of Microcebus murinus and Cheirogaleus medius will be obtained by statistical modeling of capture-mark-recapture data. In aim 2, the hypothesis will be tested that whereas males outperform females in (physical) functioning, females retain higher immunocompetence. To evaluate this idea, sex-specificage trajectories of functioning and immunocompetence will be constructed for several elements of these two health components using animals from a large captive colony of M. murinus. Additionally, sex differences in health status and causes of death will be analyzed for severalStrepsirrhine species in a retrospective study using the medical histories database of the Duke Lemur Center. In the third aim we will assess the sex differences in seasonal patterns of health over age by comparing indicators of health during the reproductive (high steroid levels) and non-reproductive (low steroid levels) season. To this end, sex-/season-specific immunocompetence and concomitant steroid levels will be measured in captive M. murinus, and sex-/season-specific parasite loads in two wild populations will be quantified. In aim 4 we will test the hypothesis that (due to a more active immune system)females have higher levels of free radical production, but also higher antioxidant defenses comparedto males. In a longitudinal study we will monitor levels of.oxidative stress (reactive oxygen metabolites and antioxidant levels) and oxidative protein damage during aging in both sexes of M. murinus. RELEVANCE (See instructions): The proposed research will advance the development of Strepsirrhine primates, especially the gray mouse lemur (M. murinus) as a non-human primate model of aging, and also extend its domain to address questions on gender-specific health and aging. Ultimately, understanding some of the proximatefactors behind sex differences in survival and health will help to addressgender-specific health issues more efficiently and to predict sex-differentials in survival and health in a given context.