The Role Of Interoceptive Awareness In Affect And Related Mental Faculties

描述（由申请人提供）：你饿了吗？累了吗？伤心？这些体验都依赖于从身体发送到大脑的“内感受”感觉。内感受性感觉可以被体验为身体的稳态要求（例如，对食物、饮料、休息的需要），或者作为一种情感状态，其特征是快乐-不快乐的感觉和某种程度的唤醒。反过来，情感无缝地整合到正常的感知和决策中。此外，由于影响的来源在日常生活中无法识别，因此很容易将影响错误地归因于虚假的来源，这可能导致不健康的行为模式（例如，工作中争吵引起的不适可能被误认为是饥饿引起的不适，并可能导致暴饮暴食）。此外，除了是健康的精神生活的中心，内感受和情感处理在许多精神疾病如躯体形式障碍、抑郁症、焦虑症和成瘾中以及在涉及神经病如糖尿病的身体疾病中严重改变。虽然方面的interoception和情感处理已相关，有一个严重缺乏知识的因果关系，在这些关系。在这里， 通过使用两种训练方法来增强健康年轻人的内感受灵敏度，并通过比较情感处理的三个方面的训练前和训练后测量来实验性地解决该障碍：（i）唤起图像的情感判断，（ii）响应于唤起图像的生理反应，以及（iii）在人的感知期间情感感觉被错误归因的程度。为了提高内感受灵敏度，研究1使用传统的心跳检测训练，而研究2使用一种新的方法，实时功能磁共振成像神经反馈，以增强参与内感受的右前额叶的大脑活动。在这两项研究中，将使用心跳检测任务在训练前和训练后评估内感受性灵敏度。 此外，为了使内感受敏感性训练适应每个个体的需要，研究1探索了两组训练指令，其可以调节个体是否经历内感受感觉为（a）“情绪感觉”或（B）“身体感觉”（例如，患有躯体形式障碍的个体在经历“身体感觉”方面具有不健康的偏见，因此将受益于“情感感觉”训练）。实现这些目标将为未来旨在探索新的内感受干预策略的研究提供信息（例如，基于这里研究的两种方法）来预防、检测或治疗精神疾病，解决身体疾病的心理影响，并在日常生活中促进健康行为。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Are you hungry? Tired? Sad? These experiences all rely on "interoceptive" sensations sent from the body to the brain. Interoceptive sensations can be experienced as a homeostatic requirement of the body (e.g., need for food, drink, rest), or as an affective state characterized as feelings of pleasure-displeasure and with some degree of arousal. In turn, affect seamlessly integrates into normal perception and decision-making. Moreover, because sources of affect go unrecognized everyday life, it is easy to misattribute affect to a spurious source, which can lead to unhealthy behavioral patterns (e.g., discomfort from an argument at work can be mistaken as discomfort of hunger, and can lead to overeating). Furthermore, in addition to being central to healthy mental life, interoception and affective processing are severely altered in many mental diseases such as somatoform disorders, depression, anxiety, and addiction, and in physical diseases involving neuropathy such as diabetes. Although facets of interoception and affective processing have been correlated, there is a critical lack of knowledge regarding causality in these relationships. Here, this barrier is addressed experimentally by using two training approaches to enhance interoceptive sensitivity in healthy young adults, and by comparing pre- and post-training measurements of three facets of affective processing: (i) affective judgment of evocative images, (ii) physiological reactivity in response to evocative images, and (iii) the extent to whic affective feelings are misattributed during person perception. To enhance interoceptive sensitivity, Study 1 uses traditional heartbeat detection training, whereas Study 2 uses a novel approach, real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback, to enhance brain activity in the right anterior insula, which is involved in interoception. In both studies, interoceptive sensitivity will be assessed pre- and post-training using a heartbeat detection task. Furthermore, to tailor interoceptive sensitivity training to the needs of each individual, Study 1 explores two sets of training instructions that may modulate whether an individual experiences interoceptive sensations as either (a) "emotional feelings" or (b) "physical sensations" (e.g., an individual with somatoform disorder has an unhealthy bias in experiencing "physical sensations" and hence would benefit from "emotional feeling" training). Accomplishing these aims will inform future research designed to explore novel interoception-intervention strategies (e.g., based on the two approaches studied here) to prevent, detect, or treat mental illness, to address psychological effects of physical illness, and to promote healthy behaviors in everyday life.