Dicentric chromosome formation and stability in humans

描述（申请人提供）：染色体遗传确保遗传和基因组信息的传递。染色体数目异常（非整倍性）和染色体结构改变会导致出生缺陷、生殖异常和癌症。着丝粒是染色体分离和基因组稳定所需的位点。正常染色体通常有一个着丝粒，但与出生缺陷和癌症相关的基因组重排产生两个着丝粒物理连接的染色体。这些双着丝粒体在大多数模式生物中是不自然耐受的，正如芭芭拉·麦克林托克（Barbara McClintock）近75年前在玉米中最初阐明的那样。在人类中，双着丝粒染色体非随机发生，并且在细胞分裂期间可以非常稳定。这种稳定性归因于着丝粒失活，这是一个功能性抑制一个着丝粒的知之甚少的过程。我们的目标是确定负责双着丝粒形成和长期稳定性的分子途径。我们假设（A）常见双着丝粒的形成与近端着丝粒染色体的基因组特征有关，（B）着丝粒失活通常通过基因组或表观遗传机制发生。研究人类着丝粒失活的一个主要障碍是缺乏实验系统。为了解决这个长期存在的问题，我们已经开发了一种检测方法来设计双着丝粒的人类染色体，这些染色体在分子上反映了自然发生的染色体。工程双着丝粒代表了一个模型系统，研究正常的着丝粒功能，着丝粒镇压和基因组的稳定性。使用这些实验模型，我们提出了三个具体的目标：1）确定双着丝粒形成的序列依赖性机制，2）定义双着丝粒染色体稳定的分子途径，包括与着丝粒失活相关的基因组，表观遗传和时间变化，以及3）使用蛋白质拴系和工程基因组缺失实验测试着丝粒失活模型。总的来说，这些研究将确定自然发生的和实验产生的染色体融合的近端着丝粒染色体的非随机参与的机制基础。我们的研究对于评估当前的着丝粒功能模型也至关重要，并为人类染色体上指定和维持着丝粒的机制提供了新的见解。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Chromosome inheritance ensures transmission of genetic and genomic information. Abnormal chromosome number (aneuploidy) and altered chromosome structure cause birth defects, reproductive abnormalities, and cancer. The centromere is the locus required for chromosome segregation and genome stability. Normal chromosomes typically have one centromere, but genome rearrangements associated with birth defects and cancer produce chromosomes in which two centromeres are physically linked. These dicentrics are not naturally tolerated in most model organisms, as originally illustrated in maize by Barbara McClintock nearly 75 years ago. In humans, dicentric chromosomes occur non-randomly and can be extremely stable during cell division. Such stability has been attributed to centromere inactivation, the poorly understood process by which one centromere is functionally suppressed. Our goal is to define molecular pathways responsible for dicentric formation and long-term stability. We hypothesize that (A) formation of common dicentrics is linked to genomic features of acrocentric chromosomes, and (B) centromere inactivation routinely occurs by either genomic or epigenetic mechanisms. A major impediment in studying centromere inactivation in humans has been the absence of experimental systems. To circumvent this long-standing problem, we have developed assays to engineer dicentric human chromosomes that molecularly mirror those that occur naturally. Engineered dicentrics represented a model system to study normal centromere function, centromere repression and genome stability. Using these experimental models, we propose three specific aims: 1) To identify sequence-dependent mechanisms of dicentric formation, 2) To define the molecular pathways by which dicentric chromosomes are stabilized, including genomic, epigenetic and temporal changes associated with centromere inactivation, and 3) To experimentally test models of centromere inactivation using protein tethering and engineered genomic deletions. Collectively, these studies will define the mechanistic basis for non-random participation of acrocentric chromosomes in naturally occurring and experimentally produced chromosome fusions. Our studies will also be critical for evaluating current models of centromere function, and provide new insights into mechanisms that specify and maintain centromeres on human chromosomes.