Neurocognitive Risk For Alcoholism Into Adulthood

描述（由申请人提供）：该项目的科学问题集中在18-23岁期间的四个核心发展现象：1）这一时期是生命过程中饮酒量最高的时期; 2）对于大多数年轻人来说，在这一时期结束时，消费量开始减少; 3）对于较高风险的人群，高消费模式继续存在; 4）虽然这些关键的行为转变正在发生，但负责努力控制和奖励反应/激励反应的神经网络也在成熟，尽管速度不同。三个推论，尚未回答的问题，都是关于青少年饮酒和干预的社会政策的关键，是要解决的：A）在多大程度上是在饮酒行为的变化发生在这个发展的间隔归因于这些神经网络的成熟？B）大量饮酒会影响这些网络的成熟吗？C）社会环境因素和先前的个体风险差异如何介导或缓和这两种结果？在过去的5年中，该项目调查了后来的问题酒精使用的神经认知和功能性大脑指标，确定了问题使用的轨迹以及风险和弹性的神经指标。这个修订后的延续项目建立在以前的工作的基础上，通过将调查扩展到成年早期，并确定酗酒对人格，神经认知和大脑功能的影响，以及早期风险，酗酒和社会背景（社会支持，同龄人饮酒，环境侮辱）之间的相互作用，整个青春期和成年早期。受试者是密歇根州纵向研究的参与者，这是一项酒精使用障碍高风险家庭研究，自儿童早期以来一直表征气质，行为风险和社会背景，自青春期早期以来一直表征神经认知风险。从青春期后期开始，相关的大脑功能已经用功能磁共振成像在这些参与者的一个子集中进行了研究。在接下来的5年里，该研究将探索努力控制和激励反应的两个领域，在大脑功能（额纹状体和额边缘电路和连接的调节/失调），神经认知和人格水平上进行评估。从12岁开始，神经认知和个性评估将每隔3年继续进行（N= 1456）;从18岁开始，一部分参与者（N = 225）将继续每年通过fMRI进行评估。成像工作的一个重要的新焦点是额叶和皮层下过程之间的相互作用，纵向探索使用延迟折扣任务，和frontostriatal和frontolimbic功能连接分析。研究结果将从发展的角度描述饮酒行为、社会环境与大脑功能和连接变化之间的关系。一个特别的焦点是饮酒行为在多大程度上滞后于大脑变化或导致大脑变化，以及社会环境在调节这种变化中所起的作用。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The scientific issues of this project are focused around four core developmental phenomena of the 18-23 year old period: 1) this period is normatively the highest alcohol consumption interval in the life course; 2) toward the end of this interval, for the majority of young adults, a decrease in consumption begins to take place; 3) for a higher risk subset of the population, the high consumption pattern continues; and 4) while these critical behavioral shifts are occurring, the neural networks responsible for effortful control and reward response/incentive reactivity are also maturing, albeit at different rates. Three corollary, as yet unanswered questions critical to both social policy about youthful drinking and intervention, are to be addressed: A) To what degree are the changes in drinking behavior taking place over this developmental interval attributable to the maturation of these neural networks?; B) Does heavy alcohol consumption influence the maturation of these networks?; C) How do social environmental reinforcers and prior individual differences in risk mediate or moderate both of these outcomes? During the past 5 years, this project has investigated neurocognitive and functional brain indicators of later problem alcohol use, identifying trajectories of problem use and neural indicators of risk and resilience. This revised continuation project builds on this prior work by extending the investigation into early adulthood and identifying effects of heavy drinking on personality, neurocognition and brain function as well as the interactions between early risk, heavy drinking, and social context (social supports, peer drinking, environmental insults) throughout adolescence and early adulthood. Subjects are participants in the Michigan Longitudinal Study, a high risk for alcohol use disorder family study that has been characterizing temperament, behavioral risk and social context since early childhood and neurocognitive risk since early adolescence. Associated brain function has been studied using fMRI since late adolescence in a subset of these participants. Over the next 5 years, the study will probe the two domains of Effortful Control, and Incentive Reactivity, assessed at the levels of brain function (Regulation/dysregulation of frontostriatal and frontolimbic circuitry and connectivity), neurocognition, and personality. Neurocognitive and personality assessments will continue at 3 year intervals (N= 1456), starting at age 12; a subset of participants (N = 225) will continue to be assessed yearly via fMRI starting at age 18. An important new focus of the imaging work is the interaction between frontal and subcortical processes, to be explored longitudinally using a delayed discounting task, and frontostriatal and frontolimbic functional connectivity analyses. Results will developmentally characterize the relationship between drinking behavior, social environment, and brain function and connectivity change. A special focus is the extent to which drinking behavior lags brain change or leads it, and the role that social environment plays in moderating such change.