Housing effects on children's development

描述(申请人提供)：这项研究的主要目标是评估住房对有孩子的低收入和中等收入家庭的影响，采用以人口为基础、以经济计量为导向的方法。我们的具体目标是测试：(1)通过拥挤、身体质量(噪音、健康和安全、服务和系统)以及负担能力来评估住房如何影响对儿童发展至关重要的家庭过程(稳定性、压力和支持)；(2)住房如何直接影响儿童的行为问题(内化和外化)、自我调节(执行功能和努力控制)和认知成就；(3)住房如何通过对家庭过程的更近距离的影响间接影响儿童的发展；以及(4)住房对黑人、白人和拉丁裔家庭的影响有何不同。数据将来自一项新的3波纵向调查，对象是居住在达拉斯、丹佛、西雅图和克利夫兰的约2,654个家庭(最初有~3,450名3至8岁的儿童)。在每个地点，家庭将从当地公共住房当局维护的轮候名单中抽取。所有网站都使用抽奖方式向符合收入条件的家庭发放住房代金券，价值约8000美元，家庭可以使用这些代金券来升级他们的住房。在每个地点，我们将随机抽取166个中奖家庭和另外166个中奖家庭。彩票在拥挤、质量和可负担性方面创造了实验性的差异，我们将评估其影响。我们还建议抽取每个地点具有代表性的总人口样本，加权后向收入分布的较低端倾斜(n=332)。麦克阿瑟基金会正在资助收集社区和学前教育/学校的数据，以及家长报告和采访者评估的住房措施。麦克阿瑟和一笔资助的NICHD赠款正在支持收集大量的儿童和成人结果，使用父母报告、直接评估和采访者的观察。这个应用程序的主要目的是增加对以下方面的评估：(1)通过父母报告、Q-set方法、每日日记和采访者观察来评估家庭过程；(2)客观噪音水平，这是衡量住房质量的重要和创新指标，可能对家庭生活产生影响；以及(3)儿童自我调节能力的衡量，这是与环境应激源和长期成人结果相关的关键中间结果。拟议的研究提供了一个独特的机会来确定住房如何以现有研究所不可能的方式促进儿童和家庭的福祉。独特的研究优势包括：对住房对家庭进程和儿童发展的影响的实验性和非实验性估计，提供了在符合资格的凭单调查人员和更广泛、具有代表性的城市样本(住房条件自然不同)的实验样本中复制研究结果的机会；有助于理解儿童和家庭福祉的新住房措施嵌入了一个有充分根据的概念框架；多背景设计，以考虑其他与住房有关的背景，特别是家庭、社区和学前教育/学校；关键过程和结果的纵向和多方法衡量；以及种族/族裔多样性的家庭样本。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The primary goal of this research is to assess the effects of housing on low- and moderate-income families with children using a population-based, econometrically-oriented approach. Our specific aims are to test: (1) how housing, assessed by crowding, physical quality (noise, health & safety, services & systems) and affordability, affects family processes (stability, stress & support) central to children's development; (2) how housing directly affects children's behavior problems (internalizing & externalizing), self-regulation (executive function & effortful control), and cognitive achievement (3) how housing indirectly affects children's development through its more proximal effects on family processes; and (4) how housing effects vary for Black, White, and Latino families. Data will be drawn from a new 3-wave longitudinal survey of ~2,654 families (w/~3,450 children 3 to 8 years old at inception) living in Dallas, Denver, Seattle and Cleveland. At each site, families wil be drawn from a waiting list maintained by the local public housing authority. All sites use a lottery to issue housing vouchers to income-eligible families that are worth ~$8,000 and that families can use to upgrade their housing. At each site, we will randomly select 166 families who win the lottery and another 166 families from the lottery losers. The lottery creates experimental variation in crowding, quality and affordability whose impacts we will assess. We also propose drawing a representative sample of the general population of each site, weighted towards the lower end of the income distribution (n=332). The MacArthur Foundation is funding collection of neighborhood and preschool/school data, and housing measures as reported by parents and as assessed by interviewers. MacArthur and a funded NICHD grant are supporting collection of a large battery of child and adult outcomes using parent reports, direct assessments, and interviewer observations. The primary aim of this application is to add to this battery assessments of (1) family processes through parent reports, Q-set methods, daily diaries, and interviewer observations; (2) objective noise levels, an important and innovative measure of housing quality potentially influential for family life; and (3) measures of children's self-regulation, a key intermediate outcome associated with environmental stressors and long-term adult outcomes. The proposed research provides a unique opportunity to identify how housing contributes to child and family well- being in ways that are not possible with extant studies. Unique study strengths include: experimental and non- experimental estimates of housing effects on family processes and child development, providing opportunity to replicate findings across experimental sample of eligible voucher investigators and broader, representative city sample that naturally varies in housing conditions; new housing measures relevant for understanding child and family well-being embedded within a well-grounded conceptual framework; multi-context design to account for other housing-related contexts, especially family, neighborhood and preschool/school; longitudinal and multi-method measures of key processes and outcomes; and racial/ethnically diverse sample of families.