Housing trade-offs as they are perceived and as they affect children's well-being

描述(由调查人员提供)：如果有3到8岁孩子的贫困家庭想要更大、更好的住房单元，那么为了恒定的住房预算，他们可能不得不选择在学校更差的社区，因为那里的租金更低。如果同样的家庭寻求更好的社区或学校，那么这可能需要更小的单元或更差的单元，因为这些更好的位置的租金更高。这种权衡促使了这项拟议的研究。它有三个目标：(1)了解不同种族/族裔和收入群体的家庭可以选择的住房种类，他们的住房选择也可能导致社区和学校质量的系统性差异；(2)了解这些住房选择及其与社区和学校的联系如何在40个月的时间里共同影响3至8岁儿童的社会情感发展、学业成就和健康。这将使我们得出结论，住房、社区和学校质量的哪种组合最能支持积极的儿童发展。(3)我们还将了解家庭实际更喜欢居住在哪些特定的住房、社区和学校组合中，从而了解这些偏好在多大程度上会为特定家庭收入的孩子带来最好的发展结果。这项拟议的研究在克利夫兰、达拉斯、丹佛和西雅图进行，它们之所以被选中，都是因为它们使用抽奖方式分发第8条住房优惠券，也因为它们在可能影响住房权衡如何影响儿童的其他因素上也存在差异--例如，他们的种族/民族混合，私人租赁住房市场的紧张程度，以及止赎危机的打击有多严重。我们寻求确定住房可获得性、儿童效应和住房偏好的模式，这些模式在各个城市都很强劲。这些都为未来的研究和政策提供了最好的基础。将在40个月内进行三波纵向调查。它将有两个层面。第一层是每个城市随机选择的家庭阶层，这些家庭的收入低于地区中位数，并且至少有一个孩子，年龄在3岁到8岁之间。第二层是有同龄孩子的家庭，他们申请了住房代金券，并被宣布符合条件。一半将赢得代金券，另一半不会，随机删除被用来削减学习和控制儿童到我们的权力分析所希望的数字--不同阶层的3450名儿童和2654名照顾者，每个单独阶层的一半。儿童在三个时间点的结果是：内化和外化行为，数学和阅读测试的表现，以及肥胖。对目标1的分析依赖于享乐回归，这些回归根据住宅单元、社区和学校的属性预测住房成本。目标2使用倾向分数与一般阶层和随机分配作为工具变量与住房代金券阶层。目标3依赖于一项小实验，该实验对住房、社区和学校质量各有不同的三个属性。

DESCRIPTION (provided by investigator): If poorer families with children aged from 3 to 8 want larger and better dwelling units, then for a constant housing budget they will likely have to locate in worse neighborhoods with worse schools because rents are lower there. If the same families seek better neighborhoods or schools, then this will likely entail a smaller or otherwise worse unit because rents are higher in these better locations. This trade-off motivates the proposed study. It has three aims: (1) To understand the kinds of housing options available to families of different racial/ethnic and income groups, whose housing options are also likely to entail systematic variation in the quality of neighborhoods and schools; (2) To learn how these housing options and their links to neighborhoods and schools jointly affect the socioemotional development, academic achievement and health of children aged from 3 to 8 over a period of 40 months. This will allow us to conclude which combinations of housing, neighborhood and school quality best support positive child development. (3) We will also learn which specific combinations of housing, neighborhoods and schools families actually prefer to live in and thus the extent to which these preferences entail the best possible developmental outcomes for children of a given family income. The proposed study takes place in Cleveland, Dallas, Denver and Seattle, all chosen because they use a lottery to distribute their Section 8 housing vouchers and because they also differ on other factors that might affect how housing trade-offs impact on children - e.g., their racial/ethnic mix, the tightness of the private market for rental housing, ad how hard the foreclosure crisis hit. We seek to identify patterns of housing availability, child effects and housing preferences that are robust across cities. These provide the best foundations for future research and policy. A three-wave longitudinal survey will be conducted over 40 months. It will have two strata. The first is a randomly selected stratum of families in each city whose income is below the area median and who have at least one child aged from 3 to 8. The second stratum is of families with the same-aged children who have applied for a housing voucher and been declared eligible. Half will win a voucher and half not, with random deletion being used to prune study and control children to the numbers desired by our power analyses-- 3,450 children and 2,654 caregivers across strata and half of this in each of the separate strata. The child outcomes at three time points are: internalizing and externalizing behaviors, performance on math and reading tests and obesity. The analysis of Aim 1 depends on hedonic regressions that predict housing costs from attributes of dwelling units, neighborhoods and schools. Aim 2 uses propensity scores with the general stratum and random assignment as an instrumental variable with the housing voucher stratum. Aim 3 depends on a vignette experiment that varies three attributes for each of housing, neighborhood and school quality.