Housing effects on children's development

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究的主要目标是利用以人口为基础、以计量经济学为导向的方法，评估住房对有孩子的中低收入家庭的影响。我们的具体目标是测试：(1)住房如何通过拥挤程度、物理质量（噪音、健康和安全、服务和系统）和可负担性来评估，影响对儿童发展至关重要的家庭过程（稳定性、压力和支持）；(2)住房如何直接影响儿童的行为问题（内化和外化）、自我调节（执行功能和努力控制）和认知成就；(3)住房如何通过其对家庭过程的更近端效应间接影响儿童的发展；(4)住房对黑人、白人和拉丁裔家庭的影响有何不同。数据将来自一项新的三波纵向调查，调查对象是居住在达拉斯、丹佛、西雅图和克利夫兰的约2654个家庭（开始时约有3450名3至8岁的儿童）。在每个地点，家庭将从当地公共住房管理机构提供的等候名单中选出。所有网站都通过抽奖的方式向符合收入条件的家庭发放价值约8000美元的住房券，这些家庭可以用这些券来升级他们的住房。我们将在每个地点随机抽取166个中奖家庭和166个中奖家庭。彩票在拥挤程度、质量和可负担性方面产生了实验性的变化，我们将对其影响进行评估。我们还建议绘制每个站点的一般人口的代表性样本，向收入分配的低端加权（n=332）。麦克阿瑟基金会正在资助社区和学前/学校数据的收集，以及由家长报告并由采访者评估的住房措施。麦克阿瑟基金会和NICHD基金正在支持收集大量的儿童和成人结果，这些结果使用家长报告、直接评估和采访者观察。本应用程序的主要目的是通过父母报告、q集方法、日常日记和采访者观察来增加对以下方面的评估：(1)家庭过程；(2)客观噪声水平，这是衡量住房质量的重要创新指标，可能对家庭生活产生影响；(3)儿童自我调节的测量，这是一个与环境压力因素和长期成人结果相关的关键中间结果。拟议的研究提供了一个独特的机会，以确定住房如何以现有研究无法实现的方式促进儿童和家庭福祉。独特的研究优势包括：住房对家庭过程和儿童发展的影响的实验和非实验估计，提供了在合格的代金券调查人员的实验样本和更广泛的代表性城市样本中复制研究结果的机会，这些样本在住房条件上自然存在差异；新的住房措施与理解儿童和家庭福祉有关，并将其纳入有充分根据的概念框架；多环境设计，以考虑其他与住房相关的环境，特别是家庭、社区和幼儿园/学校；关键过程和结果的纵向和多方法测量；以及种族/民族多样化的家庭样本。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The primary goal of this research is to assess the effects of housing on low- and moderate-income families with children using a population-based, econometrically-oriented approach. Our specific aims are to test: (1) how housing, assessed by crowding, physical quality (noise, health & safety, services & systems) and affordability, affects family processes (stability, stress & support) central to children's development; (2) how housing directly affects children's behavior problems (internalizing & externalizing), self-regulation (executive function & effortful control), and cognitive achievement (3) how housing indirectly affects children's development through its more proximal effects on family processes; and (4) how housing effects vary for Black, White, and Latino families. Data will be drawn from a new 3-wave longitudinal survey of ~2,654 families (w/~3,450 children 3 to 8 years old at inception) living in Dallas, Denver, Seattle and Cleveland. At each site, families wil be drawn from a waiting list maintained by the local public housing authority. All sites use a lottery to issue housing vouchers to income-eligible families that are worth ~$8,000 and that families can use to upgrade their housing. At each site, we will randomly select 166 families who win the lottery and another 166 families from the lottery losers. The lottery creates experimental variation in crowding, quality and affordability whose impacts we will assess. We also propose drawing a representative sample of the general population of each site, weighted towards the lower end of the income distribution (n=332). The MacArthur Foundation is funding collection of neighborhood and preschool/school data, and housing measures as reported by parents and as assessed by interviewers. MacArthur and a funded NICHD grant are supporting collection of a large battery of child and adult outcomes using parent reports, direct assessments, and interviewer observations. The primary aim of this application is to add to this battery assessments of (1) family processes through parent reports, Q-set methods, daily diaries, and interviewer observations; (2) objective noise levels, an important and innovative measure of housing quality potentially influential for family life; and (3) measures of children's self-regulation, a key intermediate outcome associated with environmental stressors and long-term adult outcomes. The proposed research provides a unique opportunity to identify how housing contributes to child and family well- being in ways that are not possible with extant studies. Unique study strengths include: experimental and non- experimental estimates of housing effects on family processes and child development, providing opportunity to replicate findings across experimental sample of eligible voucher investigators and broader, representative city sample that naturally varies in housing conditions; new housing measures relevant for understanding child and family well-being embedded within a well-grounded conceptual framework; multi-context design to account for other housing-related contexts, especially family, neighborhood and preschool/school; longitudinal and multi-method measures of key processes and outcomes; and racial/ethnically diverse sample of families.