Cognitive biases in the perception of spatial orientation

项目摘要 世界上的运动和其他行为依赖于关于空间布局的感知信息 环境。解释二维表示(如地图或射线照片)也取决于 关于空间信息的感知。视觉系统中的早期皮质区域被微妙地调整为 编码方向，视觉空间的早期皮质表示是在对数极坐标中编码的 适合于通过具有拾取的双重目的的感觉系统来控制眼球运动的 一些信息来自很大一部分空间，但收集的高精度信息适合人脸 例如，识别和阅读，但也是手动抓取(抓取事物)的核心 凝视。尽管如此，视觉系统必须施加参考框架才能解释方位 信息，我们在倾斜的观察者中发现，这些参照系似乎经常与 外部参照，如重力，而不是视网膜皮质或身体参照系。在工作中 到目前为止，我们已经表明，在空间方位的编码中存在着实质性的系统性偏差， 这些偏见是跨模式的，在表面的视觉和触觉体验中都出现了 定位。这些表征偏差似乎是维持编码精确度的认知适应。 在3D空间的表面方向的情况下，我们的空间/知觉表征被夸大了 偏离水平方向，与正弦函数的第一个四分之一周期类似，即 可以是显式表示3D表面取向的重力分量的一种方式。在 在2D空间中线方向的情况下，我们的空间/知觉表征再次夸大了偏离 从水平方向看，随着距离的增加，夸张程度没有3D情况下那么明显 从水平方向。在前面的授权期中，我们已经证明了2D偏置函数与 重力参考系，而不是视网膜参考系。也就是说，即使是在透过 倾斜的观察者感知的圆形还原管(以消除外部视觉定向信息) 线的方向主要是相对于重力参考系，而不是相对于它们的身体 参考坐标系。本工作以两种方式扩展了这一先前的工作。首先，使用更复杂的 定向刺激，我们将倾斜观察者，以确定记忆是否偏向定向(显示 不同的图案)也与引力参考系挂钩，或者是否存在残差 基于早期皮质垂直和水平过度表现的视网膜定位偏差。第二，我们将 使用多种方法检查偏航维度中的角度偏差(两种都是感知的 表面取向和对方向的本体感觉)不同于节距维度中的那些， 正如初步数据显示的那样，如果是这样，这些差异是否锁定在身体、视觉(地面)上 平面定义)，或俯仰轴和偏航轴的重力定义规范。

Project Summary Locomotion and other actions in the world depend on perceptual information about the spatial layout of the environment. Interpreting 2-dimensional representations such as maps or radiographs also depends on the perception of spatial information. Early cortical areas in the visual system are exquisitely tuned for coding orientation, and the early cortical representation of visual space is coded in log-polar coordinates suited for the control of eye-movements by a sensory system that has the dual purposes of picking up some information from a large portion of space but gathering high-precision information suitable for face recognition and reading, for example, but also for manual prehension (grasping things), at the center of gaze. Nonetheless, the visual system must impose reference frames in order to interpret orientation information, and we have found in tilted observers that these reference frames seem often to be tied to external references such as gravity rather than to retino-cortical or bodily reference frames. In our work to date, we have shown that there are substantial systematic biases in the coding of spatial orientation, and that these biases are cross-modal, appearing both in the visual and haptic experiences of surface orientation. These representational biases seem be cognitive adaptations that maintain coding precision. In the case of surface orientation in 3D space, our spatial/perceptual representations exaggerate departures from horizontal with something that resembles the first quarter cycle of a sine function, which may be a way of explicitly representing the gravitational component of 3D surface orientation. In the case of line orientation in 2D space, our spatial/perceptual representations again exaggerate departures from the horizontal, though the exaggeration is less pronounced than in the 3D case as one gets farther from horizontal. In the prior grant period we have shown that the 2D bias function is tied to the gravitational reference frame rather than the retinal reference frame. That is, even when looking through a circular reduction tube (to eliminate external visual orientating information) tilted observers perceive line orientation primarily relative to the gravitational reference frame rather than relative to their bodily reference frame. The present work extends this prior work in two ways. First, using more complex orientation stimuli, we will tilt observers to determine whether memory biases for orientation (which show a different pattern) are also yoked to the gravitational reference frame, or whether there is a residual retinotopic bias based on the early cortical overrepresentation of vertical and horizontal. Second we will use multiple methods to examine whether angular biases in the yaw dimension (both for perceived surface orientation and proprioceptive perception of direction) differ from those in the pitch dimension, as preliminary data suggests, and, if so, whether these differences are locked to bodily, visual (ground plane defined), or gravitationally-defined specifications of pitch and yaw axes.