Mechanisms controlling amino acid signaling to mTOR and lysosome fission.

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DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The end stages of the cellular engulfment mechanisms phagocytosis and entosis, which mediate the uptake of exogenous substrates, and autophagy, which mediates the engulfment of intracellular substrates, involve lysosomal digestion of engulfed cargo and export of catabolites to the cytosol for use in biosynthesis. Despite the critical role of these pathways for the removal of targeted substrates, and the importance lysosome- mediated digestion for the actual clearance and recycling of engulfed material, little is known about how the lysosomal processing of engulfed cargo and export of degraded components is regulated. We have found that the mTOR protein kinase, a regulator of mRNA translation and autophagy, is required for a program of phagosome fission that shrinks large lysosomal vacuoles as internalized cargo is degraded, which reminiscent of the recently described autophagic lysosome reformation (ALR) program that functions similarly during autophagy. mTORC1 is activated by amino acid recovery from engulfed cells, and is recruited specifically to large lysosomal vacuoles harboring degrading cells to control their fission. The proposed research will identify amino acid transporters acting at lysosomes that mediate amino acid recovery and mTORC1 activation, and will identify mTOR-regulated proteins that control the fission of lysosomal vacuoles.