Regulation of Insulin Secretion by G6PC2

描述（由申请人提供）：全基因组关联（GWA）研究将G6 PC 2基因与人类空腹血糖（FBG）和血红蛋白A1 C水平的变化联系起来，这些参数与2型糖尿病风险和心血管相关死亡率相关。本申请的总体目标是通过确定G6 PC 2的功能来建立这些GWA研究的结果。 我们的初步数据显示，人G6 PC 2基因选择性地在胰岛β细胞中表达，并且G6 PC 2水解葡萄糖-6-磷酸（G6 P）。基于这些数据，我们的第一个假设是G6 PC 2的葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶活性对抗葡萄糖激酶（GCK）的作用，葡萄糖激酶（GCK）催化葡萄糖转化为G6 P。糖酵解通量已显示确定葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌（GSIS）的S {0.5}，并且胰岛领域中的现有范例提出单独的GCK是β细胞葡萄糖传感器。我们的观察结果的意义在于，它们挑战了这种范式，并表明G6 PC 2是该传感器的基本抑制成分。相反，我们提出GCK/G6 PC 2无效循环作为β细胞葡萄糖传感器确定糖酵解通量和GSIS的S{0.5}。另外的初步数据显示，小鼠G6 pc 2基因也在胰岛β细胞中选择性表达，并且G6 pc 2也水解G6 P。这表明使用G6 PC 2敲除（KO）小鼠代表了研究G6 PC 2功能的创新和适当的工具。小鼠G6 pc 2基因的缺失导致FBG水平降低，与人GWA研究数据一致。但除此之外，我们还发现G6 pc 2基因的缺失也会导致运动不耐受，其特征是低血糖和不适当的高GSIS。 基于这些数据，我们的第二个假设是，GCK/G6 PC 2无效循环是生理上重要的运动过程中胰岛素分泌的衰减。在运动过程中激活对胰岛的神经输入，并且胰岛领域中的现有范例提出这些输入通过使β细胞超极化并且还直接抑制胞吐机制来抑制胰岛素分泌。我们的观察结果的意义在于，它们挑战了这种范式，并表明G6 PC 2是运动期间GSIS被抑制的机制的基本组成部分。与FBG和血红蛋白AIC的控制一样，该主题在临床上也很重要，因为运动诱发的低血糖是糖尿病患者的主要问题，限制了运动的持续时间，从而限制了运动的有益效果。本提案的目的是检验我们的两个假设。该应用程序分为两个匹配的具体目标。目的I探讨G6 pc 2在分子水平上的功能，而目的2探讨运动期间胰岛素分泌衰减的Gck/G6 pc 2无效循环的生理重要性。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Genome wide association (GWA) studies have linked the G6PC2 gene to variations in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and hemoglobin A1C levels in humans, parameters that are associated with both the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular-associated mortality. The overall objective of this application is to build on the results of these GWA studies by determining the function of G6PC2. Our preliminary data show that the human G6PC2 gene is selectively expressed in pancreatic islet beta cells and that G6PC2 hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). Based on these data our first hypothesis is that the glucose-6-phosphatase activity of G6PC2 opposes the action of glucokinase (GCK), which catalyses the conversion of glucose to G6P. Glycolytic flux has been shown to determine the S {0.5} of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and the existing paradigm in the islet field proposes that GCK alone is the beta cell glucose sensor. The significance of our observations is that they challenge this paradigm and suggest that G6PC2 is a fundamental inhibitory component of that sensor. Instead we propose that a GCK/G6PC2 futile cycle acts as the beta cell glucose sensor determining glycolytic flux and the S{0.5} of GSIS. Additional preliminary data show that the mouse G6pc2 gene is also selectively expressed in pancreatic islet beta cells and that G6pc2 also hydrolyzes G6P. This suggests that the use of G6pc2 knockout (KO) mice represents an innovative and appropriate tool to study the function of G6PC2. Deletion of the mouse G6pc2 gene results in reduced FBG levels, consistent with the human GW A study data. But in addition we have found that deletion of the G6pc2 gene also results in exercise intolerance, characterized by hypoglycemia and inappropriately high GSIS. Based on these data our second hypothesis is that the GCK/G6PC2 futile cycle is physiologically important for the attenuation of insulin secretion during exercise. Neural inputs to the islet are activated during exercise and the existing paradigm in the islet field proposes that these inputs inhibit insulin secretion by hyperpolarizing the beta cell and also directly inhibiting the exocytotic machinery. The significance of our observations is that they challenge this paradigm and suggest that G6PC2 is a fundamental component of the machinery through which GSIS is inhibited during exercise. As with the control of FBG and hemoglobin AIC, this topic is also clinically important because exercise induced hypoglycemia is a major problem in individuals with diabetes that limits the duration and hence the beneficial effects of exercise. The goal of this proposal is to test our two hypotheses. The application is divided into two matching Specific Aims. Aim I explores the function of G6pc2 at a molecular level whereas Aim 2 explores the physiological importance of the Gck/G6pc2 futile cycle for the attenuation of insulin secretion during exercise.