Neuroplasticity with alcohol dependence

描述（由申请人提供）：普遍的观点是，中皮质边缘系统中多巴胺传递的增强是酒精奖励特性的基础。这个系统由中脑腹侧被盖区（VTA）的多巴胺神经元组成，它支配伏隔核和其他边缘结构。多巴胺神经传递受局部回路GABA中间神经元控制。我们已经在VTA中发现了一个均匀的GABA神经元群，它们被低剂量乙醇激发，但被中至高剂量乙醇抑制，对慢性乙醇产生耐受性，在戒断期间表现出高度兴奋性，并在预期乙醇自我奖励时加速。这些相关的研究得到了我们最近的研究的补充，证明了VTA - GABA神经元在乙醇自我给药中的因果作用。VTA GABA神经元被广泛认为是DA神经传递的关键调节因子，但它们可能是来自感觉、皮质和边缘区域的独特而独立的信息整合者，服务于酒精奖励和依赖。这一提议的核心论点是，反复暴露于酒精会导致GABA(A)受体[GABA(A)R]介导的VTA GABA神经元抑制的适应性变化，并导致伴随酒精依赖的中边缘DA稳态失调（Gilpin and Koob, 2008; Koob and Le Moal, 1997）。基于之前的工作和初步结果，我们假设VTA GABA神经元对慢性乙醇暴露的适应和伴随的依赖是由于VTA GABA神经元上GABA(a)Rs的分子开关，类似于我们在阿片类药物依赖研究中报道的情况（Laviolette et al., 2004; Vargas-Perez et al., 2009）。我们将采用多学科行为、电生理、分子和新型荧光成像方法来评估短期和长期乙醇暴露对GABA(A) r介导的抑制和谷氨酸（GLU） nmdar介导的兴奋和受体表达的适应性影响，以及脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）酪氨酸激酶B （TrkB）受体在乙醇依赖期间介导GABA(A)Rs功能开关中的作用。我们的研究将验证以下假设：1)退出单一乙醇暴露（非依赖条件）将增强nmdar介导的VTA GABA神经元的GLU兴奋，而退出慢性乙醇（依赖条件）将减少GABA(a) r介导的VTA GABA神经元的抑制；2)退出慢性乙醇暴露会改变GABA(A)Rs的表达；3)退出慢性乙醇暴露将导致GABA(a) r介导的VTA GABA神经元抑制的功能转换，这是由BDNF TrkB受体激活介导的。为了验证这些假设，我们在GAD GFP小鼠中提出了三个特定目标，其中GABA神经元可以被明确地识别和表征。我们将关注机制方法，以表征VTA GABA神经元对单次暴露（短期）或多次暴露于乙醇（长期）的突触底物的适应，以及BDNF及其高亲和力TrkB受体在介导GABA(a)Rs的长期适应中的作用。为了验证这些假设，我们在GAD GFP小鼠中提出了三个特定目的，其中GABA神经元可以通过电生理识别和表征：1)我们将使用膜片钳电生理学评估自发和诱发的抑制性和兴奋性突触传递、成对脉冲响应、总电荷转移、AMPAR/NMDAR比率和AMPA纠正指数。这些研究将通过记录小鼠在24小时前（非依赖条件）或在强制液体乙醇饮食过程中摄入乙醇的小鼠中从单次乙醇注射中提取的多能干细胞和EPSCs来完成；2)我们将利用单细胞定量RTPCR技术评估GABA(A)R亚基、NMDAR亚基、酪氨酸羟化酶、Cx36和TrkB受体转录物在VTA GABA神经元中的表达；3)我们将评估BDNF TrkB受体拮抗剂和用siRNA TrkB耗尽TrkB对GABA(A) r介导的抑制性和nmdar介导的兴奋性突触反应的影响。此外，我们将使用单个VTA GABA神经元的穿孔贴片程序和VTA GABA神经元群体的新型Clomeleon荧光成像程序来评估GABA(A)R的假设开关。这些研究将为GABA(A)Rs对VTA GABA神经元在酒精依赖中的作用提供重要的新见解。VTA GABA神经元表现出与阿片类药物依赖相关的神经适应性反应，其特征是功能从GABA超极化到去极化的转换。这种转换似乎与BDNF有关，因为它触发了GABA(A)受体功能的长期变化和一种没有慢性阿片类药物的依赖状态。我们预计，我们提出的研究将为VTA GABA神经元的贡献作用及其在乙醇消耗中的功能连接以及BDNF在介导酒精依赖VTA GABA神经元上GABA(a)受体功能开关中的作用提供重要的新见解。这项研究的结果可以为考虑选择性作用于GABA(a)受体亚型或BDNF TrkB受体的药物作为治疗酒精依赖的假定药物提供临床前药理学依据。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The prevailing view is that enhancement of dopamine transmission in the mesocorticolimbic system underlies the rewarding properties of alcohol. This system consists of dopamine neurons in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) that innervate the nucleus accumbens and other limbic structures. Dopamine neurotransmission is controlled by local-circuit GABA interneurons. We have identified a homogeneous population of GABA neurons in the VTA that are excited by low-dose ethanol, but inhibited by moderate to high-dose ethanol, become tolerant to chronic ethanol, evince hyperexcitabililty during withdrawal, and accelerate in anticipation of ethanol self-reward. These correlative studies are complemented by our recent studies demonstrating a causal role for VTA GABA neurons in ethanol self-administration. VTA GABA neurons are widely accepted to be critical regulators of DA neurotransmission, but they may serve as unique and independent integrators of convergent information from sensory, cortical and limbic areas subserving alcohol reward and dependence. The core thesis underlying this proposal is that repeated exposure to alcohol causes adaptive changes in GABA(A) receptor [GABA(A)R]-mediated inhibition of VTA GABA neurons and contributes to the dysregulation of mesolimbic DA homeostasis that accompanies alcohol dependence (Gilpin and Koob, 2008; Koob and Le Moal, 1997). Based on previous work and preliminary results, we hypothesize that adaptation of VTA GABA neurons to chronic ethanol exposure and accompanying dependence results from a molecular switch in GABA(A)Rs on VTA GABA neurons, similar to what has been reported in our studies of opiate dependence (Laviolette et al., 2004; Vargas-Perez et al., 2009). We will employ multidisciplinary behavioral, electrophysiological, molecular and novel fluorescent imaging approaches to evaluate the adaptive effects of short-term and long-term ethanol exposure on GABA(A)R-mediated inhibition and glutamate (GLU) NMDAR-mediated excitation, and receptor expression, as well as the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptors in mediating the functional switch of GABA(A)Rs during ethanol dependence. Our studies will test the following hypotheses: 1) Withdrawal from a single exposure to ethanol (non-dependent condition) will enhance NMDAR-mediated GLU excitation of VTA GABA neurons, while withdrawal from chronic ethanol (dependent condition) will reduce GABA(A)R-mediated inhibition of VTA GABA neurons; 2) Withdrawal from chronic ethanol exposure will modify the expression of GABA(A)Rs; and 3) Withdrawal from chronic exposure to ethanol will result in a functional switch in GABA(A)R-mediated inhibition of VTA GABA neurons that is mediated by BDNF TrkB receptor activation. To test these hypotheses, we propose three Specific Aims in GAD GFP mice, wherein GABA neurons can be identified and characterized unambiguously. We will focus on mechanistic approaches in order to characterize the synaptic substrates in VTA GABA neurons that adapt in response to a single exposure (short-term) or multiple exposures to ethanol (long-term), and the role of BDNF and its high- affinity TrkB receptor in mediating the long-term adaptation of GABA(A)Rs. To test these hypotheses, we propose three Specific Aims in GAD GFP mice, wherein GABA neurons can be identified and characterized electrophysiologically: 1) We will evaluate spontaneous and evoked inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission, paired-pulse responses, total charge transfer, AMPAR/NMDAR ratio and AMPA rectification index using patch clamp electrophysiology. These studies will be accomplished by recording IPSCs and EPSCs from brain slices during withdrawal from a single injection of ethanol administered to mice 24 hrs previous (non-dependent condition) or in mice consuming ethanol in the forced liquid ethanol diet procedure (dependent condition); 2) We will evaluate the GABA(A)R subunit, NMDAR subunit, tyrosine hydroxylase, Cx36, and TrkB receptor transcript expression in VTA GABA neurons using single-cell quantitative RTPCR; and 3) We will evaluate the effects of BDNF TrkB receptor antagonists and TrkB depletion with siRNA TrkB on GABA(A)R-mediated inhibitory and NMDAR-mediated excitatory synaptic responses as in Aim 1. In addition, we will evaluate the hypothetical switch in GABA(A)R using the perforated patch procedure for individual VTA GABA neurons and using the novel Clomeleon fluorescent imaging procedure for populations of VTA GABA neurons. The proposed studies will provide important new insights into the role of GABA(A)Rs on VTA GABA neurons in alcohol dependence. VTA GABA neurons evince neuroadaptive responses in association with opiate dependence, characterized by a switch in functionality from being hyperpolarized by GABA to being depolarized. This switch appears to involve BDNF, as it triggers long-term changes in the functionality of GABA(A) receptors and a state of dependence without chronic opioids. We anticipate that the studies we propose will provide important new insights into the contributory role of VTA GABA neurons and their functional connectivity in ethanol consumption and the role of BDNF in mediating a switch in the functionality of GABA(A) receptors on VTA GABA neurons with alcohol dependence. Results from this study could provide a preclinical pharmacologic rationale for considering drugs that act selectively on GABA(A) receptor subtypes or on BDNF TrkB receptors as putative therapeutic agents for the treatment of alcohol dependence.