Real-time Exposure to Point-of-Sale Tobacco and Longitudinal Patterns of Use

销售点烟草的实时暴露和纵向使用模式

• 批准号: 8696733
• 负责人: Thomas Robert Kirchner
• 金额: $ 60万
• 依托单位: TRUTH INITIATIVE FOUNDATION
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-09-01 至 2015-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8696733
• 关键词: Abstinence; Address; Affect; Area; Awareness; Behavior; Behavioral; Cigarette Smoker; Cities; Collection; Communities; Consent; Couples; Data; Data Collection; Devices; District of Columbia; Environment; Evolution; Exposure to; Field Workers; Foundations; Geographic Information Systems; Geographic Locations; Health; Individual; Individual Differences; Industry; Knowledge; Laboratories; Learning; Legal; Link; Litigation; Location; Marketing; Measurement; Measures; Methodology; Methods; Mining; Neighborhoods; Outcome; Participant; Pattern; Persons; Policies; Prevalence; Price; Probability; Recording of previous events; Regulation; Research; Research Infrastructure; Sales; Sampling; Secure; Shoulder; Smoker; System; Telephone; Time; Tobacco; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco use; Travel; Variant; base; burden of illness; cohort; combat; design; experience; follow-up; improved; innovation; interest; metropolitan; novel strategies; preference; programs; public health relevance; residence; response; socioeconomics; surveillance data; tobacco advertising; tobacco exposure; tool

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): There is a considerable body of empirical evidence suggesting that point-of-sale tobacco (POST) marketing influences tobacco users' product preferences as well as decisions to initiate or refrain from use. Yet little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the association between point-of-sale marketing and behavior, because methods that directly link individual use outcomes to real-world point-of-sale exposure are only now beginning to be developed. There is an urgent need for data to fill this research gap, as the inability to empirically document a direct link between POST exposure and behavior is among the primary reasons proposed point-of-sale regulations have often failed to withstand industry legal challenge. The proposed project will provide data to directly address this critical knowledge gap. It extends the use of an innovative methodology that has been the first to provide objective, real-time data on the degree to which individuals are exposed to point-of-sale marketing as they move through their daily activities, as well as the way accumulating exposure to marketing affects use patterns over time. Quantifying real-time point-of-sale tobacco exposure (POSTE) requires a multilevel system with both comprehensive point-of-sale data at the community level and location-based exposure data at the individual level. Because it is impossible to predict where each individual will travel from moment-to-moment, characterizing their point-of-sale experience must begin with comprehensive data on marketing in each person's immediate environment. The POSTE system includes two key components: 1) community-level data collection by fieldworkers, and 2) individual-level geo- location data. Unlike other approaches, POSTE measurement does not require active input from participants and thus is not subjective. Entirely separate from community-level point-of-sale data collected via fieldworkers, POSTE participants consent to continuous location tracking. Data are wirelessly synced to a secure server, where advanced geographic information system (GIS) infrastructure links each person to their point-of-sale environment in real-time. Thus, detailed POSTE data is accurately quantified with very low participant burden. The proposed project couples our existing point-of-sale surveillance system with continuous (1-min sampling rate) geo-spatial exposure data from current DC resident tobacco users. The Washington DC metropolitan area provides an ideal community-level laboratory for this purpose, because 1) DC is characterized by tremendous demographic variation over a small geographic area, making it possible to evaluate socio-economic correlates of POST marketing at every tobacco outlet in DC quickly and repeatedly, 2) DC is a "focus" city for tobacco industry marketing, and 3) we have an existing DC resident smoker cohort that can readily be engaged and replenished. Participants (N=1200) will be current cigarette smokers not currently interested in quitting. All participants will be offered the opportunity to be compensated and to learn more about their exposure to tobacco marketing by carrying a geolocation tracking device for two-weeks at baseline and then again as part of each quarterly assessment. This will create a physical link between each person and their surrounding POST marketing environment. Quarterly follow-up assessments will assess subjectively perceived levels of POSTE and tobacco-use patterns across the study period. The proposed project represents a powerful new approach to understand and thereby combat the way POST marketing tactics affect tobacco use patterns. The project will provide data and tools for real-time analysis of POST marketing regulations and tobacco use, iteratively improving both policy and enforcement standards by linking them directly to the behavioral outcomes they are designed to affect.

描述（由申请人提供）：大量经验证据表明，销售点烟草（POST）营销影响烟草使用者的产品偏好以及开始或停止使用的决定。然而，人们对销售点营销和行为之间联系的机制知之甚少，因为将个人使用结果与现实世界的销售点接触直接联系起来的方法现在才开始开发。迫切需要数据来填补这一研究空白，因为无法以经验证明POST暴露与行为之间的直接联系是拟议的销售点法规经常无法承受行业法律的挑战的主要原因之一。拟议的项目将提供数据，以直接解决这一关键的知识差距。它扩展了一种创新方法的使用，这种方法首次提供了客观、实时的数据，说明个人在日常活动中接触销售点营销的程度，以及随着时间的推移，接触营销的方式对使用模式的影响。量化实时销售点烟草暴露（POSTE）需要一个多层次的系统，既有社区层面的全面销售点数据，又有个人层面的基于位置的暴露数据。因为不可能预测每个人每时每刻都将前往哪里，所以描述他们的销售体验必须开始与每个人直接环境中的营销有关的综合数据。POSTE系统包括两个关键组成部分：1）实地工作人员收集社区一级的数据，以及2）个人一级的地理位置数据。与其他方法不同，POSTE衡量不需要参与者的积极投入，因此不是主观的。与通过现场工作人员收集的社区级销售点数据完全分开，POSTE参与者同意持续的位置跟踪。数据无线同步到一个安全的服务器，先进的地理信息系统（GIS）基础设施将每个人实时连接到他们的销售点环境。因此，详细的POSTE数据被准确量化，参与者负担非常低。拟议项目将我们现有的销售点监测系统与当前DC居民烟草使用者的连续（1分钟采样率）地理空间暴露数据相结合。华盛顿特区大都市区为此目的提供了理想的社区级实验室，因为1）DC的特征在于在小的地理区域内具有巨大的人口变化，使得可以快速且重复地评估DC中每个烟草出口的POST营销的社会经济相关性，2）DC是烟草行业营销的“焦点”城市，以及3）我们现有的区议会居民吸烟者队列，可以随时参与和补充。受试者（N=1200）将是目前对戒烟不感兴趣的吸烟者。所有参与者都将有机会获得补偿，并通过在基线时携带地理定位跟踪设备两周，然后作为每个季度评估的一部分，更多地了解他们接触烟草营销的情况。这将在每个人和他们周围的POST营销环境之间创建物理链接。季度随访评估将评估研究期间POSTE和烟草使用模式的主观感知水平。拟议的项目代表了一个强大的新方法来理解，从而打击邮政营销策略影响烟草使用模式的方式。该项目将提供数据和工具，用于对POST营销法规和烟草使用进行实时分析，通过将政策和执法标准直接与其旨在影响的行为结果联系起来，不断改进政策和执法标准。