The Role of ALTO in the MCPyV Lifecycle and Tumorigenicity

描述（由申请人提供）：鼠和猴多瘤病毒（MCPyV和SV 40）是研究转化和致瘤性的非常有用的模型，这些过程可归因于T抗原基因在其基因组早期区域（ER）编码的蛋白质。迄今为止，已经发现了11种人多瘤病毒，但只有一种，默克尔细胞多瘤病毒（MCPyV）明显与人肿瘤，默克尔细胞癌（MCC）相关。关于MCPyV促进肿瘤发生的机制知之甚少，关于病毒生命周期也知之甚少。与所有多瘤病毒一样，MCPyV编码大和小T抗原（LT和ST）。有趣的是，我们发现相对于MCPyV LT外显子2的+1阅读框编码我们称为ALTO（LT抗原开放阅读框的替代）的另一种蛋白。ALTO通过保守的疏水C-末端与小鼠多瘤病毒的中间T抗原进化相关，并定义了哺乳动物多瘤病毒的新分支，包括来自小鼠、仓鼠、浣熊、蝙蝠大猩猩、黑猩猩和人的PyV。我们的目标是了解ALTO在MCPyV生命周期中的作用以及它如何影响致瘤性。环化MCPyV基因组的转染导致瞬时扩增数天。我们已经构建了WT和ALTO突变的基因组，并将比较病毒复制的水平和动力学，T抗原的表达， 生产和传染性。MCPyV转化细胞和促成致瘤性的机制还不清楚。我们将研究LT，ST和ALTO对细胞增殖，永生化和转化的影响。初步数据表明，ALTO诱导自噬和凋亡的标志物。我们将更全面地确定ALTO如何影响这些途径。PyV的T抗原通过与细胞蛋白结合发挥作用，因此ALTO也可能通过特异性伴侣影响病毒的生命周期和致瘤性。我们将采取公正和有偏见的方法来确定合作伙伴。首先，我们将使用串联亲和纯化和质谱鉴定ALTO相关蛋白。其次，我们将专门测试的假设，ALTO是由酪氨酸磷酸化调节。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Murine and simian polyomaviruses (MCPyV and SV40) have been extraordinarily useful models to study transformation and tumorigenicity, processes that are attributable to proteins encoded in the early region (ER) of their genomes by the T antigen genes. To date eleven human polyomaviruses have been discovered but only one, Merkel Cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is clearly associated with a human tumor, Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC). Little is known about the mechanism by which MCPyV contributes to tumorigenesis, nor is much known about the viral lifecycle. Like all polyomaviruses, MCPyV encodes large and small T antigens (LT and ST). Interestingly we discovered that the +1 reading frame relative to MCPyV LT exon 2 encodes another protein that we have called ALTO (Alternate to LT antigen Open reading frame). ALTO is evolutionarily related to the middle T antigen of mouse polyomavirus through a conserved hydrophobic C-terminus and defines a new clade of mammalian polyomaviruses that includes PyVs from mouse, hamster, raccoon, bat gorilla, chimp and human. Our goals are to understand the role of ALTO in the MCPyV lifecycle and how it affects tumorigenicity. Transfection of a circularized MCPyV genome results in transient amplification for several days. We have constructed WT and ALTO-mutated genomes and will compare the levels and kinetics of viral replication, expression of the T antigens, virion production and infectivity. The mechanism by which MCPyV transforms cells and contributes to tumorigenicity is not well understood. We will examine the effects of LT, ST and ALTO on cell proliferation, immortalization and transformation. Preliminary data indicates that ALTO induces markers of autophagy and apoptosis. We will determine more fully how ALTO affects these pathways. The T antigens of PyVs exert their effects through binding to cellular proteins, thus it is likely that ALTO also influences the virus lifecycle and tumorigenicity through specific partners. We will take both an unbiased and a biased approach to identify the partners. First we will use tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry to identify ALTO associated proteins. Secondly, we will specifically test the hypothesis that ALTO is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation.