Long-term Effects of the ACTIVE Training Program on Control Beliefs and Cognition

描述（由申请人提供）：本提案是对PA-10-139老龄化社会和行为数据集的二次分析（R03）的回应，并寻求支持分析作为独立和重要老年人高级认知训练（ACTIVE）研究的一部分收集的公开可用数据。本研究拟在ACTIVE研究的背景下，考察控制信念的两个方面——智力自我效能和对智力衰老的关注（由智力衰老背景中的人格量表测量）——与认知之间的关系。在第一个目标中，我们将研究智力自我效能感的发展轨迹和对智力衰老的关注。迄今为止，很少有研究在较长时间内检查与年龄相关的控制信念变化；这类研究还受到样本量小或后续评估少的限制。在目标1中，我们还将研究这些轨迹是否受到个体差异特征（例如，年龄、性别、种族/种族、教育）的影响。假设更强的控制感对认知功能有益，了解信念如何随人口因素而变化可以帮助针对特定人群进行有针对性的干预。虽然信念可以影响认知表现，但认知表现也同样可能影响信念。在目标2中，我们将研究随着时间的推移，智力自我效能和对智力衰老和认知表现的关注之间的相互关系。对于目标3，我们将研究这些关系（在目标1和目标2中建立）如何随着积极认知训练计划（相对于无接触控制）的参与而有所不同。ACTIVE提供了一个独特的背景来调查这些关系，有几个原因，包括：1)一个大样本的多样化，社区居住的老年人；2)认知能力的多重测量；3)随机分配到三种认知干预（记忆、推理、处理速度）中的一种或不接触的对照组；4)随访时间长。我们已经从这些纵向数据中学到了很多关于晚年认知能力可塑性的知识。本研究的结果将促进我们对个人控制与认知之间的时间关联的理解，以及对智力衰老的控制信念和态度的个体差异如何影响短期和长期训练收益。研究结果对进一步发展和传播预防干预措施以促进老龄化人口的认知健康具有重要意义。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal is in response to PA-10-139 Secondary Analyses of Social and Behavioral Datasets in Aging (R03) and seeks support to analyze publicly available data collected as part of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study. The proposed research intends to examine the relationship between two facets of control beliefs-Intellectual Self-efficacy and Concern about Intellectual Aging (as measured by the Personality in Intellectual Aging Contexts Inventory)-and cognition over a 10- year period within the context of the ACTIVE study. For Aim 1, we will examine the developmental trajectories of Intellectual Self-efficacy and Concern about Intellectual Aging. To date, few studies have examined age-related changes in control beliefs over an extended time frame; such studies have been further limited by small sample sizes or few follow-up assessments. In Aim 1, we also will examine whether these trajectories are influenced by individual difference characteristics (e.g., age, sex, ethnicity/race, education). Assuming that a stronger sense of control is beneficial for cognitive functioning, understanding how beliefs vary with demographic factors can help target interventions to specific populations. Although beliefs can influence cognitive performance, it is equally plausible that cognitive performance influences beliefs. For Aim 2, we will examine the reciprocal associations between trajectories of Intellectual Self- efficacy and Concern about Intellectual Aging and cognitive performance over time. For Aim 3, we will examine how the relationships (established in Aims 1 and 2), differ as a function of participation in the ACTIVE cognitive training program (relative to no-contact controls). ACTIVE presents a unique context to investigate these relationships for several reasons, including: 1) a large sample of diverse, community-dwelling older adults; 2) multiple measures of cognitive abilities; 3) randomization to one of three cognitive interventions (memory, reasoning, speed of processing) or to a no-contact control group; and 4) long duration of follow-up. We have already learned much from these longitudinal data about the plasticity of cognitive abilities in later life. The findings of the proposed study will advance our understandin of the temporal associations between personal control and cognition over a 10-year period, as well as how individual differences in control beliefs and attitudes toward intellectual aging impac immediate and long- term training gains. The findings have major implications for further development and dissemination of preventative interventions to promote cognitive health in an aging population.