Investigating how bottom-up and top-down processes relate to alcohol use disorder

描述(由申请人提供)：本项目的主要目标是阐明自下而上(例如，对酒精的强化作用的冲动)和自上而下(例如，控制对奖励/刺激感觉的冲动的能力)过程如何在表型、潜在遗传和环境以及基因水平上与有问题的酒精使用有关。具体目标本项目的主要研究目标有两个。第一个目标是调查自下而上和自上而下的过程是否解释了有问题的饮酒的常见风险机制。将使用两种分析方法来解决这一目标：1)分析将调查这些过程在多大程度上解释了酒精结果中常见的表型、潜在遗传或潜在环境差异，以及2)[试点调查将检查]是否存在与自下而上和/或自上而下的过程相关的遗传标记，这些遗传标记也与有问题的饮酒有关。第二个目的是调查这些过程之间是否存在交互作用，这些过程在表型和潜在遗传水平上解释了有问题的酒精使用。解决这一目标的分析方法将调查自上而下(即，基于控制的)过程是否缓和了自下而上(即，基于冲动的)过程与酒精结果之间的关系[以及遗传因素是否解释了这种缓和效应]。分析将在两个数据集中进行，一个是成年人(18岁至35岁)的多波数据集，其中包括基因数据和基于国家社区的双胞胎成人登记(平均年龄=37岁)。意义本项目的成果为将基本人格和基因研究转化为应用背景提供了重要的基础工作。例如，酒精使用障碍的一些干预措施试图特别针对自下而上或自上而下的过程，当前项目的发现可能有助于制定有效的干预措施。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The primary objective of this project is to elucidate how bottom-up (e.g., urges for alcohol's reinforcing effects) and top-down (e.g., the ability to control urges for rewarding/thrilling sensations) processes are related to problematic alcohol use at the phenotypic, latent genetic and environmental, and genotypic levels. Specific Aims There are two primary research aims of this project. The first aim is to investigate whether bottom-up and top- down processes account for common mechanisms of risk for problematic alcohol use. Two analytic approaches will be used to address this aim: 1) analyses will investigate the degree to which these processes account for common phenotypic, latent genetic, or latent environmental variance in alcohol outcomes, and 2) a [pilot investigation will examine] whether there are genetic markers associated with bottom-up and/or top-down processes that are also associated with problematic alcohol use. The second aim is to investigate whether there are interaction effects between these processes that explain problematic alcohol use at the phenotypic and latent genetic levels. Analytic approaches addressing this aim will investigate whether top-down (i.e., control-based) processes moderate the relationship between bottom-up (i.e., urge-based) processes and alcohol outcomes [and whether genetic factors account for that moderation effect]. Analyses will be conducted in two datasets, a multiwave dataset of adults (followed from ages 18 to 35) that includes genotypic data and a national community-based twin registry of adults (mean age=37). Significance The results from this project offer to provide important foundational work for translating basic personality and genetic research to applied contexts. For example, some interventions for alcohol use disorder attempt to specifically target bottom-up or top-down processes, and findings from the current project may facilitate the development of effective interventions.