Disparity processing in human visual cortex

描述(申请人提供)：用于场景布局和观察者运动的双目感觉线索的处理与指向方向的运动控制密不可分 眼睛的颜色。为了理解导致斜视和功能性双眼丧失的发育障碍，了解这种关系的神经机制是非常重要的。感官双目视觉的正常发育顺序还知之甚少，直到最近才意识到3D特定的运动信号也有助于深度感知。这是第一次在这里显示，这些3D运动线索为收敛眼球运动提供了重要的输入。对这些运动线索的敏感性的正常发育顺序目前尚不清楚。也不知道这些信号是如何与视差信号相互作用来控制眼球运动的，也不知道它们在斜视中是如何受到影响的。因此，该提案的每个目标都围绕水平视差和3D运动提示之间的相互关系和并行处理进行组织。第一个目标将使用高密度脑电记录来确定正常发育的婴儿和儿童的视差和运动处理系统的发育序列。对相对运动和视差的敏感性都取决于特定领域空间交互作用的发展的工作假说，这些交互作用在运动系统中比在视差系统中发展得更早，以及运动线索在发展早期对深度运动的立体线索进行增强的假设将得到检验。第二个目标将结合正常成年人的fMRI和高密度脑电记录，以确定空间相互作用的时间和模式，这些相互作用是处理已识别视觉区域的相对运动和视差线索的基础。假设相对运动刺激比相对视差刺激更有效地激活低水平视觉区域，并且特定领域周围组织的表现将是 更明显的早期视网膜皮质的相对运动刺激将被测试。第三个目标 将跟进飞行员的数据，这些数据表明3D运动提示为收敛眼球运动提供了独立的、基本上是非自愿的速度输入。第四个目标将检验这一假说，即在早发性斜视中常见的运动处理的发展不对称与更普遍的3D运动处理机制的发展失败有关。这些拟议的研究将提供对正常和异常双眼视觉及其发育的详细了解，既通过测试关于感觉处理和运动控制的新假说，也通过使用强大的新的脑电记录方法，这些方法将很容易被转移到研究双眼视觉和发育关键期其他视觉处理障碍的治疗效果。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The processing of binocular sensory cues for scene layout and observer motion is inextricably intertwined with motor control of the pointing direction of the eyes. It is of great importance to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this relationship in order to understand developmental failures that can lead to strabismus and the loss of functional binocularity. The normal developmental sequence for sensory binocularity is poorly understood and it has only recently been appreciated that 3D-specific motion signals also contribute to depth perception. It is shown here for the first time, that these 3D motion cues provide an important input to vergence eye movements. The normal developmental sequence for sensitivity to these motion cues is currently unknown. Neither is it known how these signals interact with disparity cues to control eye movements or how they are affected in strabismus. Therefore, each Aim of the proposal is organized around the inter-relationship between, and parallel processing of, horizontal disparity and 3D motion cues. The first Aim will use high-density EEG recordings to determine the developmental sequences for disparity and motion processing systems in normally developing infants and children. The working hypotheses that sensitivity to relative motion and disparity both depend on the development of domain-specific spatial interactions, that these interactions develop earlier in the motion system than they do in the disparity system and that motion-cues augment stereo cues for motion-in-depth early in development will be tested. The second Aim will combine fMRI and high-density EEG recordings in normal adults to determine the timing and pattern of spatial interactions that underlie the processing of relative motion and disparity cues across identified visual areas. The hypotheses that relative motion stimuli more effectively activate lower-level visual areas than do relative disparity stimuli and that manifestations of domain-specific surround organization will be more apparent in early retinotopic cortex for relative motion stimuli will be tested. The third Aim will follow up on pilot data indicating that 3D motion cues provide an independent and largely involuntary velocity input to vergence eye movements. The fourth Aim will test the hypothesis that developmental asymmetries of motion processing that are common in early onset strabismus are related to a more general developmental failure of 3D motion processing mechanisms. The proposed studies will provide a detailed understanding of both normal and abnormal binocular vision and its development, both by testing of novel hypotheses about sensory processing and motor control, but also through the use of powerful new approaches to EEG recording that will be readily transferable to studies of the effects of treatment for binocula vision and other disorders of visual processing during the developmental critical period.