Impact of Deafness and Language Experience on Visual Development

耳聋和语言经验对视觉发育的影响

• 批准号: 8888927
• 负责人: RAIN G BOSWORTH
• 金额: $ 32.93万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-04-01 至 2019-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8888927
• 关键词: Address; Adult; Affect; Age; Area; Auditory; Auditory area; Basic Science; Child; Childhood; Clinical; Cochlear Implants; Collaborations; Contrast Sensitivity; Control Groups; Development; Dimensions; Discrimination; Face; Form Perception; Handedness; Hearing; Hearing Impaired Persons; Hearing Tests; Individual; Infant; Laboratories; Language; Language Development; Language Tests; Learning; Left; Life; Literature; Manuals; Measures; Motion; Motion Perception; Outcome; Parents; Process; Recruitment Activity; Sign Language; Speech Perception; Stimulus; Surgeon; Testing; Time; Vision; Visual; Visual Fields; Visual Perception; auditory deprivation; cohort; critical period; deafness; developmental plasticity; experience; face perception; infancy; innovation; insight; interest; language comprehension; language processing; object perception; prevent; public health relevance; restoration; speech processing; standardize measure; vision development; visual plasticity; visual process; visual processing

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): While many studies have shown that vision is altered and/or enhanced in deaf people, it is not known how this develops. The current proposal is the first to study visual development in deaf people from infancy to adulthood, as well as in hearing restored (HR) children who received cochlear implants (CIs) by 18 months, a cohort that is increasingly on the rise. In Aim 1, we measure different visual abilities (including motion, form, face and object perception) in deaf and hearing infants (6 - 10 months), children (6 - 10 years) and adults, using comparable stimuli/paradigms across ages. Many deaf people use a visual language, American Sign Language (ASL), and thus to tease apart whether altered vision in deaf signers is due to deafness or to experience with ASL, we test a third control group of hearing signers, who were born to deaf signing parents and have roughly the same ASL experience as deaf people who also learned ASL early. In infants, we test these same three analogous groups (sign-exposed deaf infants, non-sign-exposed hearing infants, and sign-exposed hearing infants), as well as an additional control group, i.e., non-sign-exposed deaf infants. To test the effects of ASL further, we ask whether the degree of altered vision correlates with receptive ASL proficiency, as measured with standardized ASL tests. By understanding the developmental trajectory of altered vision due to deafness vs. ASL, we hope to elucidate mechanisms of developmental plasticity. Aim 2 asks whether there is an early critical period for the effects of deafness on visual perception, by investigating whether altered vision persists in HR children. We also measure receptive spoken language proficiency in HR children, which allows us to ask by when in development must auditory input be restored for auditory and speech processing to develop normally. This aim also addresses a growing concern in the CI field that altered early vision in deaf people may hinder the efficacy of the CI. Here, the idea is that if deafness leads to functional reallocation of auditory cortex for visual processing, this might prevent the auditory cortex from being properly stimulated by CIs. If this is true, we expect to find that HR individuals with the most altered vision will show the worse proficiency in receptive spoken language. The current proposal will be the first to test this "maladaptive hypothesis" early in development, and the results should have implications for optimizing best long-term language outcomes in CI children.

 描述（由申请人提供）：虽然许多研究表明聋人的视力会改变和/或增强，但尚不清楚这是如何发展的。目前的提案首次研究聋哑人从婴儿期到成年期的视觉发育，以及 18 个月内接受人工耳蜗植入 (CI) 的听力恢复 (HR) 儿童的视觉发育，这一群体的数量正在不断增加。在目标 1 中，我们使用跨年龄段的可比刺激/范式来测量失聪和听力婴儿（6 - 10 个月）、儿童（6 - 10 岁）和成人的不同视觉能力（包括运动、形状、面部和物体感知）。许多聋哑人使用视觉语言，即美国手语 (ASL)，因此为了弄清楚聋哑手语者的视力改变是由于耳聋还是经历过 ASL，我们测试了第三组听力手语者对照组，他们出生于聋哑手语父母，与早期学习 ASL 的聋哑人有大致相同的 ASL 经历。在婴儿中，我们测试了这三个相同的类似组（暴露于符号的聋哑婴儿、未暴露于符号的听力婴儿和暴露于符号的听力婴儿），以及一个额外的对照组，即未暴露于符号的聋哑婴儿。为了进一步测试 ASL 的效果，我们询问视力改变的程度是否与 通过标准化 ASL 测试测量，具有 ASL 接受能力。通过了解耳聋与 ASL 导致的视力改变的发育轨迹，我们希望阐明发育可塑性的机制。目标 2 通过调查 HR 儿童的视力改变是否持续存在，询问耳聋对视觉感知的影响是否存在早期关键期。我们还测量了 HR 儿童的口语接受能力，这使我们能够询问在发育过程中何时必须恢复听觉输入以使听觉和言语处理正常发展。这一目标还解决了 CI 领域日益增长的担忧，即聋人早期视力的改变可能会阻碍 CI 的功效。在这里，想法是 如果耳聋导致听觉皮层的功能重新分配以进行视觉处理，这可能会阻止听觉皮层受到 CI 的适当刺激。如果这是真的，我们预计 发现视力变化最大的人力资源人员在接受性口语方面表现出较差的熟练程度。目前的提案将是第一个在发育早期测试这种“适应不良假说”的提案，其结果应该会对优化 CI 儿童的最佳长期语言结果产生影响。