Iodine Deficiency and Gender Attitudes in Tanzania

坦桑尼亚的碘缺乏和性别态度

• 批准号: 8824056
• 负责人: ERICA M FIELD
• 金额: $ 26.75万
• 依托单位: DUKE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-01-28 至 2016-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8824056
• 关键词: Acute; Adult; Africa; Africa South of the Sahara; Age; Attitude; Behavioral; Belief; Biological; Brain; Child; Cognition; Data; Developing Countries; Development; Dimensions; Disadvantaged; Discrimination; Disease; Economic Development; Economics; Evaluation; Evolution; Fathers; Female; Gender; Gender Role; Grant; Hand; Heart; Home environment; Household; Implicit Association Test; Inequality; Institution; Iodine; Laws; Left; Life; Light; Location; Low income; Malnutrition; Marketing; Measures; Mothers; Outcome; Parents; Perception; Phase; Physiological; Predisposition; Proxy; Questionnaires; Relative (related person); Research; Role; Running; Rural; Schools; Societies; Source; Staging; Stereotyping; Supplementation; Surveys; Tanzania; Testing; Time; Variant; Wages; Woman; Workplace; beneficiary; boys; cognitive ability; comparison group; economic impact; economic outcome; empowerment; fetal; follow-up; girls; in utero; information gathering; insight; iodine deficiency syndrome; labor force participation; male; micronutrient deficiency; peer; preference; programs; public health relevance; social norm

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Despite progress in recent years, girls and women remain disadvantaged relative to boys in many parts of the world, with multiple negative potential implications. At the heart of gender inequality are social norms and attitudes about gender that give rise to and perpetuate discriminatory institutions, and ultimately inhibit institutional and behavioral change. Despite this, little is understood about the how gender norms and attitudes evolve and adapt. One important question is why is gender inequality acute and persistent in particular societies but not others? A related question is how readily do gender attitudes evolve when women are given more opportunities to advance and thereby influence perceptions about women's relative ability? This project will contribute to our understanding of both questions by collecting new and unique data that will be used to investigate how gender attitudes respond to improvements in girls' schooling and a narrowing of the gender gap in cognitive ability that arose from reductions in fetal iodine deficiency in Tanzania. In particular, data from a previous evaluation of the Tanzania maternal iodine supplementation program showed that girls born during the program had achieved nearly a year of additional schooling attainment by ages 12-15, whereas boys benefited very little, consistent with scientific evidence that iodine deficiency is more acute for females at early stages of brain development. The study will track 1200 households from 16 districts of Tanzania that benefited from the program and collect data on gender attitudes of mothers and fathers of children born during the program using Implicit Association Tests (IATs), and data on economic outcomes of their children. The study aims to: (1) Develop culturally appropriate IATs to measure gender attitudes and stereotyping, and develop and test survey questions to measure explicit beliefs about male and female relative ability and gender stereotyping; (2) Assess the causal effect of reductions in feta iodine deficiency among girls on maternal and paternal gender attitudes by making use of quasi-experimental variation in program exposure that has been established in previous research in conjunction with the data we collect from parents on gender attitudes and preferences; and (3) Assess the feasibility of conducting a survey of children who benefited from in utero supplementation by collecting location information and gathering proxy data on kids' long-run outcomes. The proposed study will be the first to use rigorous, recently developed approaches to assess the causal association between girls' susceptibility to fetal iodine deficiency and parental gender attitudes.

描述（由申请人提供）：尽管近年来进步，但在世界许多地方，女孩和妇女仍然处于不利地位，具有多种负面潜在影响。性别不平等的核心是对性别的社会规范和态度，引起歧视性机构，并最终抑制制度和行为改变。尽管如此，关于性别规范和态度如何发展和适应的知识很少。一个重要的问题是，为什么性别不平等在特定社会中急剧急剧，而不是其他社会？一个相关的问题是，当妇女有更多机会进步并从而影响女性相对能力的看法时，性别态度如何发展？该项目将通过收集新的和独特的数据来帮助我们对这两个问题的理解，这些数据将用于调查性别态度如何应对女孩学校的改善以及认知能力的性别差距的狭窄，这是由于坦桑尼亚胎儿碘缺乏症的降低而产生的。尤其， 先前对坦桑尼亚母亲碘补充计划的评估的数据表明，该计划期间出生的女孩以12-15岁的年龄达到了将近一年的额外教育成就，而男孩则很少受益，这与科学证据表明，在早期大脑发育的早期阶段，女性对女性的缺乏症更为明显。该研究将追踪来自坦桑尼亚16个地区的1200个家庭，这些家庭受益于该计划，并收集有关使用隐式协会测试（IAT）（IAT）在计划期间出生的孩子的性别态度的数据，以及有关其儿童经济成果的数据。该研究的目的是：（1）开发适合文化的IAT来衡量性别态度和刻板印象，并制定和测试调查问题，以衡量有关男性和女性相对能力以及性别刻板印象的明确信念； （2）通过利用在先前的研究中使用准实验性差异来评估女孩和父亲性别态度的减少因果关系对母亲和父亲性别态度的因果影响，这与我们在性别态度和偏好方面的父母收集的数据结合了以前的研究中建立的。 （3）评估通过收集位置信息并收集有关儿童长期成果的代理数据来对子宫补充中受益的儿童进行调查的可行性。拟议的研究将是第一个使用严格的，最近开发的方法来评估女孩对胎儿碘缺乏症和父母性别态度的因果关系的关系。