Diet and microbiota in type 1 diabetes

描述（由申请人提供）：在许多受肠道微生物群影响的人类疾病中，有两种类型的糖尿病-1型（T1 D），其由于胰岛素产生细胞的损失而发展，以及2型（T2 D），其由于组织中胰岛素诱导的信号传导的减弱而发展。环境对T1 D发病率影响的研究表明，饮食调整可能会降低发病率。然而，我们很明显，摄入的营养素是肠道微生物群的底物，饮食的变化可以迅速改变微生物群。微生物群的变化可以改变影响宿主的代谢景观。为了在不同的人群中使用保护性饮食，这可能会导致微生物群的显著变化，人们应该考虑找到独立于微生物群变化的最佳饮食。我们已经确定，含有水解酪蛋白（HC）作为蛋白质来源的饮食在糖尿病易感NOD小鼠中具有保护作用，与微生物群的存在无关。此外，在HC饮食中添加麸质恢复了T1 D发育，但这种恢复依赖于肠道微生物群。最后，HC饮食不直接影响免疫系统，但增强了胰岛素产生细胞的活力。为了进一步揭示HC饮食保护特性背后的机制，我们将追求以下目标。 1.研究饮食干预的限度我们将研究暴露于HC饮食以引起其保护作用的时间限度;我们将测试HC饮食对通过转基因表达致糖尿病T细胞受体增强的糖尿病发生的动物的保护能力。我们还将测试面筋在这些模型中的作用。 2.研究不同饮食的小鼠胰岛素分泌细胞的特性我们将测试小鼠β细胞的功能 以揭示压力的迹象;我们将测量普通和HC饮食的小鼠的胰岛素抵抗。将研究谷蛋白对β细胞应激的贡献。 3.调查微生物与麸质促糖尿病作用的联系。我们将研究在HC饮食中添加麸质引起的微生物群变化;我们将研究微生物群在其中可能发挥的作用 组织转氨酶表达的调节。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Among many human maladies that are affected by commensal microbiota are both types of diabetes -Type 1 (T1D), which develops due to the loss of insulin producing cells, and Type 2 (T2D), which develops due to the attenuation of the insulin-induced signaling in the tissues. The studies of environmental influences on T1D incidence evoked the possibility of dietary modification of the disease incidence. However, it was obvious to us that consumed nutrients are substrates for commensal microbiota, and changes in the diet can rapidly change the microbiota. Changes in microbiota can change the metabolic landscape affecting the host. For using protective diet in diverse human populations, which can have significant variation in microbiota, one should consider finding optimal diet that would be independent of microbiota variation. We have established that diet containing hydrolyzed casein (HC) as the protein source was protective in diabetes-prone NOD mice independently of the presence of microbiota. Moreover, addition of gluten to HC diet restored T1D development, but this restoration was dependent on intestinal microbiota. Finally, HC diet did not directly affect the immune system, but enhanced the vigor of insulin-producing cells. To further uncover the mechanisms behind protective properties of the HC diet, we will pursue the following aims. 1. Investigate the limits of dietary intervention We will investigate the time limts of exposure to HC diet to elicit its protective effect; We will test the ability of HC diet to protct animals with diabetogenesis enhanced by transgenic expression of diabetogenic T cell receptors. We will also test the role of gluten in these models. 2. Investigate the properties of insulin-producing cells in mice on different diets We will test the functions of beta cells in mice on different diets to reveal the signs of stress; We will measure insulin resistance in mice on regular and HC diet. The contribution of gluten to beta cell stress will be investigated. 3. Investigate the microbial connection to gluten's pro-diabetic action. We will study the changes in microbiota induced by addition of gluten to HC diet; We will study a possible role of microbiota in regulation of tissue transglutaminase expression.