Functional consequences of rapid adaptation

快速适应的功能后果

• 批准号: 8835945
• 负责人: Davis Glasser
• 金额: $ 3.99万
• 依托单位: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-12-01 至 2015-08-07
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8835945
• 关键词: Accounting; Affect; Aging; Autistic Disorder; Behavioral; Code; Communities; Computer Simulation; Elderly; Fellowship; Individual; Literature; Lobe; Major Depressive Disorder; Mentors; Methods; Mission; Modeling; Motion; Nervous system structure; Neurosciences; Pattern; Perception; Physiologic pulse; Physiology; Pilot Projects; Process; Property; Psychophysics; Recording of previous events; Reporting; Research; Schizophrenia; Sensory; Series; Signal Transduction; Stimulus; System; Testing; Time; Training; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Translational Research; Vision; Work; cognitive neuroscience; improved; named group; neurophysiology; novel; public health relevance; relating to nervous system; research study; response; visual adaptation

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Adaptation - changes in sensitivity in response to recent stimulation - is a ubiquitous process in neural systems. It has long been theorized that adaptation should enhance perception by improving the efficiency of the neural code. While there is ample neurophysiological support for this idea, it has been difficult to find behavioral evidence of the functional consequences of adaptation, especially on brief, potentially functionally relevant timescales. I propose to use psychophysics, computational modeling, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate adaption-induced changes in the representation of brief moving stimuli. This work will bring together the behavioral and physiology literature to clarify the mechanisms of rapid adaptation and their consequences. In Aim 1 (Psychophysics and Computational Modeling), I will test the hypothesis that rapid perceptual adaptation introduces systematic errors in observers' perception of brief motion stimuli. In pilot studies, I have identified a novel perceptual phenomenon in which observers reliably perceive large, high contrast stimuli as moving in the opposite direction of the actual stimulus motion (i.e. a leftward stimulus is consistently reported as moving rightward). Using a simple computational model, I have identified a potential explanation: the model suggests that adaptation induces a spurious biphasic motion opponent signal over time. The negative lobe, signaling motion in the opposite direction, may account for observers' reversed percepts. I plan to compare these predictions with those made by alternative models. In Aim 2 (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation), I will empirically test the models� predictions. By delivering single pulses of TMS at varying stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), I can recover observers' temporal integration window for brief motion stimuli. At low contrast, the model predicts that TMS will consistently impair observers' perception across SOAs. However, at high contrast, the hypothesized biphasic response predicts that early TMS (short SOA) will impair perception, but late TMS (long SOA) will improve perception. During this fellowship, I will receive training in behavioral, computational, and cognitive neuroscience methods through interactions with my research mentor, the broader NYU neuroscience community, and formal coursework. The proposed research is fully in line with the NEI mission. It investigates adaptation, an important "mechanism of visual function" (NEI Mission Statement). Further, as adaptation is a general property of neural systems, the proposed research in healthy observers is readily applicable to translational research in special populations, and may clarify previously observed perceptual differences in older adults as well as individuals with schizophrenia, a history of major depression, and autism.

描述（由申请人提供）：适应——对最近刺激的敏感性变化——是神经系统中普遍存在的过程。长期以来，人们一直认为适应应该通过提高神经代码的效率来增强感知。虽然这一观点有充足的神经生理学支持，但很难找到适应功能后果的行为证据，特别是在短暂的、可能与功能相关的时间尺度上。我建议使用心理物理学、计算模型和经颅磁刺激（TMS）来研究短暂移动刺激表征中适应引起的变化。这项工作将汇集行为学和生理学文献，以阐明快速适应的机制及其后果。 在目标 1（心理物理学和计算建模）中，我将测试以下假设：快速感知适应会在观察者对短暂运动刺激的感知中引入系统误差。在试点研究中，我发现了一种新颖的感知现象，其中观察者可靠地将大的、高对比度的刺激感知为沿着与实际刺激运动相反的方向移动（即，向左的刺激始终被报告为向右移动）。使用一个简单的计算模型，我找到了一个可能的解释：该模型表明，随着时间的推移，适应会产生虚假的双相运动对手信号。负瓣发出相反方向的运动信号，可以解释观察者的反向感知。我计划将这些预测与其他模型做出的预测进行比较。 在目标 2（经颅磁刺激）中，我将根据经验测试模型的预测。通过提供单脉冲 通过 TMS 在不同刺激起始异步 (SOA) 下的分析，我可以恢复观察者短暂运动刺激的时间积分窗口。在低对比度下，该模型预测 TMS 将持续损害观察者对 SOA 的感知。然而，在高对比度下，假设的双相反应预测早期 TMS（短 SOA）会损害感知，但晚期 TMS（长 SOA）会改善感知。 在这个奖学金期间，我将通过与我的研究导师、更广泛的纽约大学神经科学社区和正式课程的互动，接受行为、计算和认知神经科学方法的培训。拟议的研究完全符合 NEI 的使命。它研究适应这一重要的“视觉功能机制”（NEI 使命宣言）。此外，由于适应是神经系统的一般特性，因此所提出的对健康观察者的研究很容易适用于特殊人群的转化研究，并且可以澄清以前观察到的老年人以及精神分裂症患者、重度抑郁症和自闭症患者的感知差异。