The Health Consequences of Shale Gas Development

页岩气开发对健康的影响

• 批准号: 9349366
• 负责人: Elaine L Hill
• 金额: $ 38.5万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-09-18 至 2020-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9349366
• 关键词: Acute; Address; Admission activity; Affect; Age; Air; Air Pollutants; Asthma; Barium; Birth Records; Bromides; Characteristics; Child; Child health care; Childhood; Chlorides; Code; Communities; Consensus; Country; Data; Demographic Factors; Dental Care; Development; Economics; Environment and Public Health; Environmental Health; Environmental Impact; Environmental Protection; Event; Fracture; Gases; Goals; Health; Health Benefit; Health Food; Health Policy; Healthcare; Hospitalization; Hospitals; Household; Housing; Human; Incidence; Income; Individual; Industry; Industry Standard; Infant Health; Inferior; Inpatients; Knowledge; Life Cycle Stages; Link; Location; Low Birth Weight Infant; Lung diseases; Measures; Mediation; Minerals; Natural Gas; Noise; Occupations; Oils; Outcome; Pathway interactions; Pennsylvania; Plants; Policies; Policy Maker; Population; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth; Price; Process; Production; Public Health; Recommendation; Regulation; Research; Research Personnel; Rights; Risk; Risk Estimate; Rural Community; Safety; Scientist; Shelter facility; Site; Social Impacts; Solid; Source; Strontium; Surface; System; Techniques; United States; Variant; Vulnerable Populations; Water; Water Supply; adverse pregnancy outcome; contaminated drinking water; contaminated water; cost; design; drinking water; economic impact; experience; exposure pathway; ground water; hazard; health difference; health disparity; health inequalities; innovation; member; operation; payment; pollutant; public health relevance; remediation; residence; social implication; tool; toxicant; waste treatment; wasting

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The United States lacks a consensus over the economic, environmental, health and social implications of the rapidly expanding use of high-volume horizontal hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) in both unconventional and conventional oil and gas development (this includes shale gas). Although these operations have been employed for over a decade in some states, and much controversy exists about the effects of these operations on the environment and public health, there is a dearth of studies measuring community impacts. In addition, there exists very little empirical guidance on the use of lease terms involving environmental protections (e.g. compressor station restrictions, surface damage remediation) and health-related protections, both of which are potential mechanisms for sheltering homeowners from the potential costs of shale gas development. Negotiated lease terms could depend upon the characteristics of homeowners, such that individuals who do not have negotiation power sign inferior lease terms. Subsequently, such inequities in lease terms could be a significant source of variation in health outcomes resulting from living in close proximity to shale gas development, with the most vulnerable populations experiencing the largest burden on health. The long-term goal is to build a research agenda that seeks to broadly understand the trade-offs (e.g. increased economic activity versus increased environmental degradation or harm to public health) that are facing policymakers and community members with respect to energy production, as well as the implications for public health and environmental health policy. The objective is to comprehensively study the effect of shale gas development on infant and child health outcomes and to identify health-protective lease terms. The proposed research aims to: 1) measure how air emissions from operations contribute to childhood respiratory disease exacerbations and incidence; 2) estimate how drinking water contamination from shale waste affects pregnancy outcomes and drinking water violations; 3) investigate how lease clauses modify previously measured adverse pregnancy outcomes, and how leasing clauses and royalties depend on socio-demographic contexts. The approach is innovative because it uses econometric techniques to exploit both temporal and spatial quasi-random variation across sites that are otherwise uniform, thereby allowing for quantifying differences in health associated uniquely with operations while holding other individual and community characteristics constant. The proposed research is significant because the findings will guide both the future research of specific pollutant pathways as well as policymakers and individual mineral rights owners about how to enhance the economic benefits and diminish any measured risks of shale gas development.

 描述（由申请人提供）：美国对非常规和常规油气开发（包括页岩气）中快速扩大使用大容量水平水力压裂（HVHF）的经济、环境、健康和社会影响缺乏共识。虽然这些操作已经在一些州使用了十多年，而且关于这些操作对环境和公共卫生的影响存在很大争议，但缺乏衡量社区影响的研究。此外，关于使用涉及环境保护（如压缩机站限制、地表损害补救）和健康相关保护的租赁条款的经验指导很少，这两种条款都是保护房主免受页岩气开发潜在成本影响的潜在机制。协商的租赁条款可能取决于房主的特点，因此，没有谈判能力的个人签署了较差的租赁条款。因此，租赁条款中的这种不平等可能是居住在页岩气开发区附近导致健康结果差异的一个重要来源，最脆弱的人群承受着最大的健康负担。长期目标是建立一个研究议程，力求广泛了解决策者和社区成员在能源生产方面面临的权衡取舍（例如，经济活动增加与环境恶化或对公共健康的损害增加），以及对公共健康和环境健康政策的影响。目的是全面研究页岩气开发对婴儿和儿童健康结果的影响，并确定保护健康的租赁条款。拟议的研究旨在：1）测量运营中的空气排放如何导致儿童呼吸道疾病的恶化和发病率; 2）估计页岩废物对饮用水的污染如何影响妊娠结局和违反饮用水规定; 3）调查租赁条款如何修改先前测量的不良妊娠结局，以及租赁条款和特许权使用费如何取决于社会人口背景。该方法是创新的，因为它使用计量经济学技术，利用时间和空间的准随机变化，否则均匀的网站，从而允许量化的健康差异，唯一相关的业务，同时保持其他个人和社区的特点不变。拟议的研究具有重要意义，因为研究结果将指导未来对特定污染物途径的研究，以及政策制定者和个人采矿权所有者如何提高经济效益并减少页岩气开发的任何可测量风险。